Infectious and Non-Infectious Diseases

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for influenza?

  • Contact with contaminated surfaces
  • Droplets in the air (correct)
  • Contaminated water
  • All of the above

Which of the following is NOT a defense mechanism against infection?

  • Tears
  • White blood cells
  • Stomach acid
  • Antibiotics (correct)

Which of the following is an example of a non-infectious disease?

  • Influenza
  • Type 2 diabetes (correct)
  • Pneumococcal disease
  • HIV/AIDS

What is the role of an antigen in the immune response?

<p>To trigger the immune system to produce antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices is NOT recommended to prevent the spread of infectious diseases?

<p>Sharing utensils with others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which vaccines prevent infectious diseases?

<p>Vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies that can quickly recognize and destroy the pathogens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the body's natural defense system against infectious diseases?

<p>Antiviral drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do memory cells contribute to the body's immune response?

<p>Memory cells store information about previously encountered pathogens, allowing for a faster and more efficient response upon re-infection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of antibodies in the immune response?

<p>Antibodies neutralize pathogens by binding to them and preventing them from infecting cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a vaccine and an antibiotic?

<p>Vaccines are preventative measures, while antibiotics are curative measures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be considered a preventative measure against infectious disease?

<p>Washing hands regularly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are vaccines considered to be a safe and effective way to prevent infectious diseases?

<p>Vaccines are very effective in preventing infections and have minimal side effects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the development of memory cells contribute to the body's immune response?

<p>Memory cells store information about specific pathogens, allowing for faster and more effective responses to future infections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way that antibiotics work against bacteria?

<p>Stimulating the production of antibodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario BEST describes the misuse of antibiotics?

<p>Using antibiotics to treat a viral infection such as the flu. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios is MOST likely to lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

<p>Using antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection even if the symptoms have resolved. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do vaccines contribute to the body's immune response?

<p>Vaccines introduce weakened or inactive pathogens into the body, stimulating the immune system to develop immunity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be considered an example of overuse of antibiotics?

<p>Adding antibiotics to animal feed to promote growth and prevent disease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between antibiotics and vaccines?

<p>Antibiotics work directly on pathogens while vaccines stimulate the immune response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for completing a prescribed course of antibiotics?

<p>To prevent the development of antibiotic resistance by eliminating the most susceptible bacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect did the newer antibiotic T have on the emergence of resistant pathogens?

<p>Resistant pathogens emerged more quickly than with older antibiotics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor contributing to the increasing rate of antibiotic resistant pathogens over the years?

<p>Natural selection of bacteria with beneficial mutations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided information, what is a potential consequence of misusing or overusing antibiotics?

<p>Increased susceptibility to antibiotic-resistant pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do vaccines contribute to a decreasing trend in the number of people infected with a disease?

<p>Vaccines strengthen the body's immune response to the pathogen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was there a wide fluctuation in the reported numbers of people infected with measles between 1940 and 1965?

<p>Inconsistent data collection and reporting practices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could explain why not all children in a country are vaccinated?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of a vaccinated person's immune system not responding to the vaccine?

<p>They are more likely to develop a severe case of the disease if they become infected. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible explanation for a mutated bacteria not being recognised by the immune system?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a non-infectious disease?

<p>Coronary heart disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign or symptom associated with both influenza and pneumococcal disease?

<p>Fever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method to reduce the transmission of pneumococcal bacteria?

<p>Taking antibiotics for a cold (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pneumococcal bacteria attacks various parts of the body, including:

<p>Lungs, blood, ears, brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common method of transmission for both influenza and pneumococcal disease?

<p>Droplets in the air (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of good personal hygiene to reduce the transmission of influenza?

<p>Taking antibiotics to prevent the spread (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common sign or symptom of influenza, but NOT of pneumococcal disease?

<p>Runny nose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Infectious Disease

Diseases that spread from person to person via body fluids, food, or water, caused by pathogens like bacteria and viruses.

Non-infectious Disease

Diseases that cannot be transmitted between people, often caused by genetics, lifestyle, or environment.

Influenza Transmission

Influenza spreads through air droplets and by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching face.

Pathogen

Microorganisms that cause disease, including bacteria and viruses.

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Preventing Infectious Diseases

Methods to reduce the spread of infectious diseases, including vaccination, hygiene, and social distancing.

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Antibodies

Proteins produced by white blood cells to fight pathogens.

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White blood cells

Cells of the immune system that protect the body against infections.

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Memory cells

Specialized cells that remember past infections for faster responses.

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Antibiotics

Chemical substances that kill bacteria or inhibit their growth.

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Antibiotic resistance

When bacteria evolve to survive despite antibiotic treatment.

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Viral infections

Illnesses caused by viruses, ineffective with antibiotics.

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Antibiotic misuse

Using antibiotics incorrectly, such as not completing the course.

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Antibiotic overuse

Excessive use of antibiotics, even when unnecessary.

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Vaccines

Contain agents resembling pathogens that stimulate immune response.

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How vaccines work

Vaccines stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies against pathogens.

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Pathogen resemblance in vaccines

Vaccines mimic pathogens to prepare the immune system without causing disease.

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Role of antiviral drugs

Medications that treat viral infections like influenza.

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Importance of vaccination

Vaccination is a preventive measure for vulnerable groups to avoid disease.

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Overuse of Antibiotics

Excessive or unnecessary prescription of antibiotics, contributing to antibiotic resistance.

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Immune Response

The body's reaction to pathogens, activating white blood cells to produce antibodies upon invasion.

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Transmission Rate

The rate at which an infection spreads among individuals within a population.

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Vaccination Coverage

The percentage of the population that has received vaccinations.

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Pathogen Mutation

Changes in pathogens that can render vaccines or treatments less effective.

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Measles Infection Decline

The decrease in reported measles cases due to effective vaccination programs.

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Signs of Influenza

Common symptoms of influenza include fever, headache, cough, sore throat, runny nose, muscle ache, fatigue, and chills.

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Signs of Pneumococcal Disease

Symptoms include shortness of breath, vomiting, and photophobia.

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Influenza Pathogen

Influenza is caused by the influenza virus, attacking the respiratory system.

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Pneumococcal Pathogen

Pneumococcal disease is caused by pneumococcus bacteria, affecting multiple body parts.

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Transmission of Influenza

Influenza spreads through droplets in the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

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Reducing Influenza Spread

Good personal hygiene, such as washing hands and covering mouth when coughing, can reduce influenza transmission.

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Transmission of Pneumococcal Disease

Pneumococcal bacteria can spread via respiratory droplets in the air.

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Reducing Pneumococcal Spread

Practice good hygiene and respiratory etiquette to help prevent pneumococcal infections.

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Study Notes

Infectious Diseases

  • Spread through body fluids, food, and water.
  • Caused by pathogens like bacteria and viruses.
  • Examples include influenza, pneumococcal disease, and HIV/AIDS.

Non-Infectious Diseases

  • Cannot spread from person to person.
  • Not caused by pathogens; caused by genetics, malnutrition, environmental factors, or lifestyle choices.
  • Examples include coronary heart disease, liver cirrhosis, and type 2 diabetes.

Transmission of Infectious Diseases

  • Spread through airborne droplets (coughing/sneezing).
  • Transmitted by direct contact.
  • Transmitted by contaminated water.
  • Contact with contaminated surfaces.

Influenza

  • Caused by the influenza virus.
  • Transmitted through airborne droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces.
  • Symptoms include sore throat, runny nose, muscle aches, fatigue, and chills. Attacks mainly the respiratory organs. Signs and symptoms of influenza and pneumococcal disease are also described.

Pneumococcal Disease

  • Caused by pneumococcal bacteria.
  • Symptoms include shortness of breath, vomiting, photophobia. Attacks various parts of the body, including the lungs, blood, sinuses, ear, brain.

Body Defenses Against Infections

  • Natural barriers (e.g., skin).
  • White blood cells and the immune system (biological).
  • Stomach acids and tears (chemical).

Pathogen and Antigen

  • Pathogens cause disease.
  • Antigens trigger an immune response.

Preventing Infectious Diseases

  • Vaccination (stimulates white blood cells).
  • Disinfection.
  • Proper hygiene practices (e.g., handwashing, safe distancing, and masking).
  • Covering mouth and nose when sick.
  • Social distancing (1m apart).
  • Taking prescribed medication (e.g., antiviral drugs for flu, antibiotics for pneumococcal disease).
  • Good personal hygiene and habits (washing hands).

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