8 Infectious Diseases In Humans Notes (5088 2024) PDF

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SayGoodbyeToSleeplessNights

Uploaded by SayGoodbyeToSleeplessNights

2024

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infectious diseases human health biology human anatomy

Summary

This document details 8 infectious diseases, summarizing their symptoms, transmission, and prevention. It covers the difference between infectious and non-infectious diseases and the role of pathogens.

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8 Infectious diseases in humans Notes (5088_2024) (a) state that infectious diseases can be spread from person to person whereas non-infectious diseases cannot and identify examples of each (b) explain that infectious diseases are caused by pathogens such as bacteria and viruses and can be spread f...

8 Infectious diseases in humans Notes (5088_2024) (a) state that infectious diseases can be spread from person to person whereas non-infectious diseases cannot and identify examples of each (b) explain that infectious diseases are caused by pathogens such as bacteria and viruses and can be spread from person to person through body fluids, food and water Infectious Disease Non-infectious disease Can spread from person to person Cannot spread from person to person through body fluids, food and water Caused by pathogens such as bacteria Not caused by pathogens and viruses Inherited, caused by malnutrition, environmental factors, lifestyle changes Influenza, pneumococcal disease, Coronary heart disease, liver cirrhosis, HIV/AIDS Type 2 diabetes (c) state the signs and symptoms of influenza and pneumococcal disease (d) describe the transmission and methods to reduce the transmission of: influenza virus, pneumococcus bacteria Influenza Pneumococcal disease Signs and Fever, Headache, Cough symptoms Sore throat, Runny nose, Muscle ache, Shortness of breath, Vomiting, Fatigue, Chills Photophobia Caused by Influenza virus Pneumococcal bacteria * Attacks mainly the respiratory organs *Attacks various parts of body (e.g. lungs, blood, sinuses, ear, brain) Transmitted Droplets in the air by (coughing / sneezing releases respiratory secretions that may contain pathogens) Reduce Good personal hygiene and habits (e.g. wash hands) transmission Safe distancing (e.g. 1m apart) and masking by Take prescribed medication (Antiviral drugs for flu, Antibiotics for pneumococcal disease) Get vaccinated against the disease (preventive measure for vulnerable groups) g) state that vaccines contain an agent that resembles a pathogen and prevent infectious diseases by stimulating white blood cells to quickly produce antibodies when the pathogen invades Vaccines – boost body’s immune response & prevent diseases Contains an agent that resembles How do vaccines work? (2:28) a pathogen https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-muIoWofsCE Stimulates the white blood cells to produce antibodies to destroy the pathogens. When pathogens infect the body in the future, the white blood cells will be able to recognize them and quickly produce antibodies to destroy the pathogens. (e) state that vaccines contain an agent that resembles a pathogen and prevent infectious diseases by stimulating white blood cells to quickly produce antibodies when the pathogen invades White blood cell Agent that resembles with complementary a pathogen (from receptors binds vaccine) to antigens on the White blood cell agent is stimulated to divide Some white blood cells remain in the blood stream for a long time as memory cells. In the future, when the Antibodies help White blood cells same pathogen enters destroy pathogen produce antibodies the body, memory cells can recognise and produce the antibodies to destroy it (f) state that antibiotics kill bacteria and are ineffective against viruses Antibiotics chemical substances that kill bacteria either by disrupting their structure or their function (e.g. inhibit cell wall formation, prevent reproduction) Note: Viruses do not have cell wall and do no carry out cellular functions, so antibiotics Antibiotic disc diffusion test are ineffective against viruses. Clear zones indicate no bacterial growth / bacteria killed by antibiotics Quick check: Vaccines and Antibiotics Vaccines strengthen the body’s immune response to the pathogen, hence preventing disease / reducing the chances of the person becoming severely ill with the disease. Antibiotics kill the bacteria directly by stopping or slowing their growth and their ability to reproduce. (g) explain that the misuse and overuse of antibiotics may accelerate the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria E.g. of misuse – not completing the prescribed course of antibiotics / using antibiotics to treat viral infection E.g. of overuse – prescribed when it is not necessary / widespread addition of antibiotics to animal feed Most bacteria are killed by antibiotics. If the prescribed course of antibiotics is not completed, Some bacteria that are less sensitive the surviving bacteria will reproduce and continue to to antibiotic survive. cause the disease. It can also lead to the emergence of These surviving bacteria may be killed antibiotic-resistant bacteria. if the prescribed course of antibiotic is Future prescription of the same antibiotic will not kill completed. these bacteria. Quick check – 5107 specimen paper Quick check – bacteria 5107 specimen paper (p1) pathogen resistant to older antibiotic emerged 11 years after antibiotic was developed in 1962 / slowest to emerge pathogens resistant to newer antibiotic T emerged the 1 year after the antibiotic was developed in 2004 / quickest to emerge data shows increasing rate of emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogens over the years ; ref. to misuse / overuse of antibiotic, e.g. antibiotics prescribed too readily or unnecessarily / not completing the prescribed course vaccines contain an agent that resembles the pathogen / protect the body from getting the disease / boosts the body’s immune response to the pathogen. stimulates white blood cells to quickly produce antibodies when the pathogen invades Quick check – 5107 specimen paper (p2) Vaccine was effective + data showed a decreasing trend in the reported number of people infected with measles. Wide fluctuations in numbers between 1940 to 1965 + due to inconsistent data collection and reporting. Quick check – 5088 specimen paper Quick check – 5088 specimen paper Quick check – 5088 specimen paper Vaccines protect the body from getting the disease by boosting the body’s immune response to the pathogen. Prepares the white blood cells to quickly produce antibodies when the pathogen invades. Fewer infected persons also means a decrease in transmission rate. Bacteria 1. Not all children in the country are vaccinated. 2. Immune system of vaccinated person not responsive to vaccine 3. Bacteria mutated + immune system not able to recognise 58 / 79 x 100 % = 73 % (to 2 s.f.) mutated bacteria

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