Infection Reservoirs Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is a reservoir of infection?

A source that is living or an inanimate object that provides a pathogen with adequate conditions for survival, multiplication, and an opportunity for transmission.

What are human reservoirs known as?

  • Transfer hosts
  • Carriers (correct)
  • Vectors
  • Zoonoses

    • Define carriers.

    People with signs and symptoms of a disease that can transmit the disease.

    What are animal reservoirs known as?

    <p>Zoonoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a non-living reservoir?

    <p>Soil and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is direct contact transmission?

    <p>A transmission of a disease by direct physical contact between the source and a susceptible host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indirect contact transmission?

    <p>A transmission of a disease from its reservoir to a susceptible host by means of a nonliving organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define fomite.

    <p>A nonliving organism that can indirectly transmit a disease, e.g., cup, tissue, syringe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is droplet transmission?

    <p>A type of transmission in which microbes are spread in droplets less than one meter from the reservoir to the host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vehicle transmission?

    <p>A type of transmission of disease agents by a medium such as water, food, or air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define vector.

    <p>Animals that carry pathogens from one host to another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mechanical transmission?

    <p>A type of transmission where animals carry pathogens on their feet, where a host may touch the pathogen and pick it up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is biological transmission?

    <p>A type of transmission where the animal vector bites the infected person and the host is now infected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does HAI stand for?

    <p>Health care associated infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define compromised host.

    <p>An individual whose resistance to an infection is impaired by disease therapy or burns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are emerging infectious diseases?

    <p>Diseases that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing the potential to increase in the near future.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is epidemiology?

    <p>The study of where and when disease occurs and how they are transmitted in populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define descriptive epidemiology.

    <p>Collection of all data that describes occurrences of the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is analytical epidemiology?

    <p>Analyses of a particular disease to determine its probable cause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is experimental epidemiology?

    <p>Involves a hypothesis and controlled experiment about a particular disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CDC stand for?

    <p>Center for Disease Control and Prevention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define morbidity.

    <p>The incidence of a specific notifiable disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mortality?

    <p>The number of deaths from a notifiable disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notifiable infectious disease?

    <p>A disease for which physicians are required to report occurrences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define morbidity rate.

    <p>The number of people affected in relation to the total population at a given point in time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate?

    <p>The number of deaths from a disease in relation to the number of people at a given time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Reservoir of Infection

    • A reservoir of infection is a source, either living or inanimate, that allows pathogens to survive, multiply, and be transmitted to hosts.

    Carriers

    • Human reservoirs are termed carriers, which can transmit diseases with or without symptoms.
    • Carrying pathogens can occur even in asymptomatic individuals, posing a risk to others.

    Zoonoses

    • Animal reservoirs, known as zoonoses, involve diseases that can be transmitted from animals (wild or domestic) to humans.

    Non-Living Reservoir

    • Non-living reservoirs include soil and water, which can harbor pathogens and facilitate disease transmission.

    Transmission Methods

    • Direct Contact Transmission: Disease is spread through direct physical contact between a source and a susceptible host.
    • Indirect Contact Transmission: Involves nonliving organisms acting as intermediaries for disease transmission.
    • Fomite: Nonliving objects, like cups or syringes, can indirectly transmit infections.
    • Droplet Transmission: Microbes spread through droplets less than one meter from the reservoir to the host.
    • Vehicle Transmission: Pathogens are transmitted via mediums such as air, water, or food.
    • Vector: Animals that transport pathogens from one host to another.
    • Mechanical Transmission: Pathogens are carried externally on the feet of animals, which can then be spread by host contact.
    • Biological Transmission: Occurs when a vector, such as an insect, bites an infected individual, transmitting the disease.

    Healthcare-Associated Infections

    • HAI (Health Care-Associated Infections): Infections acquired in healthcare settings, also known as nosocomial infections.

    Compromised Hosts

    • A compromised host has reduced resistance to infections due to factors like disease, therapies, or physical trauma.

    Emerging Infectious Diseases

    • These are new diseases that are either increasing in incidence or have the potential to rise significantly in the near future.

    Epidemiology

    • The study of disease occurrence, transmission patterns, and factors in populations.
    • Descriptive Epidemiology: Focuses on data collection describing disease occurrences.
    • Analytical Epidemiology: Analyzes specific diseases to determine causative factors.
    • Experimental Epidemiology: Involves hypothesis testing through controlled experiments.

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

    • The CDC is responsible for collecting and analyzing epidemiological data in the United States.

    Morbidity and Mortality

    • Morbidity: Refers to the incidence rate of specific diseases in a population.
    • Mortality: Represents the number of deaths from a disease within a certain timeframe.
    • Notifiable Infectious Diseases: Diseases that physicians are mandated to report.
    • Morbidity Rate: Relates the number of affected individuals to the total population at a specific time.
    • Mortality Rate: Proportions the number of deaths from a disease to the total population over a designated period.

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    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts related to reservoirs of infection. It covers definitions and examples of infection carriers and the conditions necessary for pathogen survival. Perfect for students studying microbiology or infectious diseases.

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