Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare
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Questions and Answers

What is a Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI)?

  • An infection that only occurs in surgical wards.
  • An infection acquired in the community.
  • An infection that patients develop during their stay in a healthcare facility. (correct)
  • An infection that is easily treatable with antibiotics.

Which of the following best describes an antimicrobial resistant organism (ARO)?

  • An organism that responds well to treatment with antibiotics.
  • An organism that has adapted to survive despite antibiotic treatment. (correct)
  • An organism that can be treated with a combination of antibiotics.
  • An organism that is only present in immunocompromised patients.

What is the main purpose of performing a risk assessment before providing care?

  • To determine the education level of the client.
  • To establish a financial budget for care.
  • To assess a client's mental health status.
  • To evaluate any risks of infection and decide on necessary precautions. (correct)

Which technique is typically consistent with medical asepsis?

<p>Washing hands before and after patient contact. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological effect might a patient experience while on isolation precautions?

<p>Feelings of loneliness and anxiety. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'surgical asepsis' primarily refer to?

<p>Methods to eliminate all microorganisms before a procedure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices is crucial in infection prevention and control?

<p>Educating clients about infection transmission. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential action to promote client-centered care?

<p>Facilitating open communication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization focuses on education and best practices regarding infection prevention and control?

<p>Infection Prevention and Control Canada (IPAC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a healthcare provider consider regarding body fluids when entering a client's environment?

<p>The risk of exposure to body fluids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does interprofessional collaboration play in infection prevention?

<p>Consulting colleagues to make informed decisions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is awareness of environmental factors important for healthcare providers?

<p>To understand potential risks of contamination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a key focus of the Canadian Patient Safety Institute (CPSI)?

<p>Collaborating with various stakeholders to ensure safety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What risk should healthcare providers assess concerning their clothing?

<p>Exposure to body fluids and contamination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action should healthcare providers take to prevent infections effectively?

<p>Use evidence-based strategies and guidelines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of environment must a healthcare provider consider when planning to provide care?

<p>An environment where they may contact body fluids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective measure to prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)?

<p>Hand hygiene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used to eliminate all microorganisms from an area?

<p>Sterile asepsis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action should you take if a client is coughing during a conversation?

<p>Sit next to the chair (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do additional precautions generally address in infection prevention?

<p>The mode of transmission of the infectious agent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of routine practices for infection control?

<p>Performing point-of-care risk assessments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of infection prevention, what is medical asepsis primarily focused on?

<p>Reducing and preventing the spread of microorganisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential risk for transmission of infections?

<p>Wearing gloves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What foundational activity is crucial for preventing infection transmission?

<p>Performing a risk assessment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does respiratory etiquette primarily involve?

<p>Covering mouth and nose when sneezing or coughing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in environmental cleaning and disinfecting protocols?

<p>Using disinfecting agents on non-contaminated surfaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of medical asepsis should nurses follow when handling soiled linen?

<p>Soiled linen must not touch their uniform. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the preferred method for disposing of soiled linen?

<p>Using a special linen bag before discarding into a hamper. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if clean linen touches the floor?

<p>It should be immediately removed and discarded. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key tip for nurses when making an occupied bed?

<p>Explain the procedure to clients while maintaining privacy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is essential for safe body mechanics during bed making?

<p>Raising the bed to an appropriate height. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of mitered corners in bed making?

<p>To hold linens tightly and secure them in place. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can influence personal hygiene practices significantly?

<p>Family customs and peer group behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice is advised for hygienic care of clients with special needs?

<p>Adapting hygiene care methods like bag baths for those who cannot shower. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should nurses respond to bodily exposure while making a bed?

<p>Cover the client as quickly as possible to maintain dignity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of personal hygiene is categorized as a subjective concept?

<p>Body image perception. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action for clients with diabetes regarding foot care?

<p>Clean under toenails and trim toenails straight across. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of providing a back rub?

<p>Increases muscular tension. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered when assessing clients with cognitive impairments for bathing?

<p>Their prior bathing history and preferences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing intervention is important for maintaining skin integrity in clients with urinary catheters?

<p>Perform routine cleaning of the perineum. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the involuntary loss of urine?

<p>Urinary incontinence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do registered nurses (RNs) serve as communicators?

<p>They create and maintain relationships using professional strategies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do registered nurses fulfill their role as advocates?

<p>By supporting clients to express their needs for optimal health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of nursing is emphasized by the concept of person-centred care?

<p>Viewing clients as whole persons with autonomy and involvement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component in the nursing process related to clinical judgment?

<p>Recognizing clients' capacity to engage in their own care. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the D.I.P.P.S. acronym emphasize regarding client care?

<p>Valuing dignity, independence, preferences, privacy, and safety. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes the role of RNs as leaders within the healthcare team?

<p>They influence and inspire others to achieve health outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In nursing practice, what is the primary focus of health assessment?

<p>To facilitate clinical judgment about clients’ health status. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does limited caloric and protein intake have on the skin's condition?

<p>Thinner, less elastic skin with loss of subcutaneous tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can moisture on the skin's surface affect the skin's health?

<p>It serves as a medium for bacterial growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can inadequate arterial supply to tissue lead to?

<p>Ischemia and tissue breakdown (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a nurse assess when an external device is applied to the skin?

<p>The surfaces exposed to pressure and friction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which type of care would a nurse provide perineal care and assist with oral hygiene?

<p>Routine Morning Care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the nursing process concerning clinical judgment?

<p>Recognizing Cues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which consideration is NOT part of generating solutions in clinical judgment?

<p>Evaluating the urgency of the situation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does prioritizing hypotheses involve in the nursing process?

<p>Responding to collected data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is considered when taking actions in the nursing process?

<p>Monitoring the client's vital signs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in the evaluation step of the nursing process?

<p>Determining the effectiveness of actions taken (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In clinical judgment, what is the significance of analyzing cues?

<p>It interprets and relates collected data to potential issues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does gathering accurate information play in recognizing cues?

<p>It identifies findings that require action. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT an aspect of clinical judgment related to generating solutions?

<p>Consulting with patient family members (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of evaluating and ranking hypotheses in clinical judgment?

<p>To prioritize care based on urgency and risk. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of utilizing advanced cleaning protocols in healthcare settings?

<p>To control the transmission of infectious agents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of specialized equipment is commonly required for airborne precautions?

<p>N95 respirator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of client-dedicated equipment in infection control?

<p>To minimize the risk of cross-contamination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices is NOT part of routine practices in infection control?

<p>Advanced or additional cleaning protocols (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about environmental protocols in healthcare settings?

<p>They are solely focused on disinfection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an infectious agent?

<p>Influenza virus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of client placement in negative-pressure rooms?

<p>To isolate infectious agents effectively (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for effective communication regarding a client's additional precaution status?

<p>Informing the interprofessional healthcare team (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the chain of transmission in infection control?

<p>It refers to the process of pathogen spread from the source to the host (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary responsibility of a healthcare provider when entering a client's environment?

<p>To recognize and apply evidence-based strategies to prevent infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario poses a risk of exposure for a healthcare provider?

<p>Providing care within two meters of a client exhibiting symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is focused on preventing disease and promoting health across Canada?

<p>Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of environment should healthcare providers assess before providing care?

<p>Potential sources of infection, such as body fluids or contaminated equipment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential action for healthcare providers to build trusting relationships with clients?

<p>Facilitating open communication and collaboration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice is aligned with infection prevention and control in healthcare settings?

<p>Consistently engaging in interprofessional collaboration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should healthcare providers consider regarding their clothing in relation to infection risk?

<p>Clothing must be protected from contact with body fluids or contaminated equipment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is emphasized in effective hand hygiene in healthcare environments?

<p>Consistently performing hand hygiene before and after patient interaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a risk factor related to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)?

<p>Use of untested cleaning products in the facility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial element of interprofessional collaboration in infection prevention?

<p>Regular discussions with colleagues to make informed decisions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Infection Chain

A series of factors that allow an infection to develop and spread.

Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI)

An infection a person develops while receiving treatment in a healthcare facility.

Antimicrobial Resistant Organism (ARO)

A microorganism that is no longer affected by a specific antibiotic drug.

Medical Asepsis

Methods to reduce the numbers and spread of microorganisms.

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Surgical Asepsis

Methods to eliminate all microorganisms from an area.

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Isolation Precautions

Infection control steps for preventing the spread of specific infections.

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Infection Prevention Risk Assessment

A process of evaluating potential risks of infection and selecting effective prevention and control methods.

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Risk Assessment in Healthcare

A systematic process to identify potential risks associated with client care and possible exposure to infectious agents.

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Client Condition Factors

Evaluating the client's diagnosis, infection status, and exhibiting signs or symptoms for risk assessment.

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Environmental Factors

Analyzing the environment surrounding the client for potential exposure risks.

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Body Fluid Exposure Risks

Identifying the potential for exposure to blood, excretions, or secretions as part of the risk assessment.

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Interprofessional Collaboration

Working as a team of healthcare professionals to prevent infections and support informed decisions.

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Evidence-Based Strategies

Using proven methods and research findings to prevent infections.

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IPAC (Infection Prevention and Control)

Organization focused on developing best practices for infection prevention.

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Multidisciplinary Approach

Working together from multiple healthcare disciplines while performing client care.

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Safe Working Environment

A workplace that minimizes risks for infection and ensures health for everyone in the clinical setting.

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What are some factors that commonly influence urinary and bowel elimination?

Factors that affect urination and bowel movements include diet, fluid intake, activity level, medications, stress, and age.

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What is micturition?

Micturition is the process of urination, which involves the release of urine from the bladder.

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What is defecation?

Defecation is the process of passing stool from the rectum.

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What is constipation?

Constipation is a condition characterized by infrequent or difficult bowel movements.

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What is urinary incontinence?

Urinary incontinence is a condition where a person has involuntary leakage of urine.

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Infection Prevention and Control

Practices that prevent or reduce the spread of microorganisms. They aim to ensure safe healthcare for everyone, including patients, staff, and visitors.

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Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)

Infections acquired during a hospital or healthcare stay, often due to weakened immune systems or the spread of microbes in a healthcare environment.

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Hand Hygiene

The most important way to prevent HAIs. It includes washing hands with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand rub.

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Routine Practices

Standard infection prevention measures used for all patients, regardless of suspected infection. Includes hand hygiene, PPE, and environmental cleaning.

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Additional Precautions

Specific infection control measures used for patients with known or suspected infections. They aim to prevent the spread of specific types of germs.

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Contact Precautions

Used to prevent infections spread through direct contact with a patient or their environment. Examples include gown and gloves.

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Droplet Precautions

Used to prevent the spread of infections through large respiratory droplets. Includes mask and eye protection.

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Airborne Precautions

Used to prevent the spread of infections through small airborne particles that can travel longer distances. Includes special masks and negative pressure rooms.

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Risk Assessment

Evaluating the potential risk of infection transmission for each patient. It helps determine what infection control measures are needed.

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Avoidance Actions

Strategies to minimize exposure to potential infection sources. Includes adjusting patient positioning or minimizing unnecessary contact.

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Soiled linen

Linen contaminated with bodily fluids or waste. It needs to be handled with care and disposed of properly to prevent the spread of infection.

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Mitered corners

A special way of folding and securing the corners of bed linen to create a tight, neat, and wrinkle-free look. It helps keep the linen in place during patient movement.

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Occupied bed

A bed that is being used by a patient who is currently in it.

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Hygiene practices

The habits and routines people follow to maintain cleanliness and personal care, including bathing, showering, brushing teeth, and grooming.

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Social practices

The customs and behaviors related to hygiene that are influenced by family, friends, and culture.

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Personal preferences

Individual choices and how people like to be clean and take care of themselves.

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Body image

How people feel about their physical appearance and their self-perception. It can fluctuate over time.

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Cognitive impairment

A condition that affects a person's ability to think clearly, learn, and remember. It influences how they care for themselves.

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Hygiene care for clients

Providing assistance and support to patients with their personal hygiene, such as bathing, showering, and dressing, considering their individual needs and preferences.

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Special needs

Specific challenges or requirements that patients have due to their health condition or impairment, which require modified hygiene care.

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RN Roles

Registered Nurses (RNs) play multiple roles in healthcare, including communicator, collaborator, coordinator, leader, advocate, educator, and scholar.

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Person-Centred Care

An approach that focuses on the individual needs and preferences of the patient, involving advocacy, empowerment, and respecting their autonomy.

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What is Clinical Judgment?

It is the ability to make informed decisions about a patient's health status and needs, based on their assessment and understanding of their condition.

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Purpose of Health Assessment

To gather information about a patient's health, concerns, and needs, helping guide the nurse's clinical judgment and care plan.

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Nursing Process

The foundation for clinical judgment. It involves five steps: Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation.

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D.I.P.P.S.

A framework for person-centered care, ensuring patients feel dignified, independent, have their preferences respected, maintain privacy, and are safe.

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What is the difference between medical asepsis and surgical asepsis?

Medical asepsis aims to reduce the spread of microorganisms, while surgical asepsis aims to eliminate ALL microorganisms from an area.

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Clinical Judgment

The ability to make sound decisions about patient care based on gathered information and critical thinking.

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Recognizing Cues

The first step in the nursing process, where you identify abnormal findings that need attention.

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Analyzing Cues

Interpreting the collected data to understand its meaning and potential causes.

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Prioritizing Hypotheses

Ranking potential problems based on urgency and likelihood.

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Generate Solutions

Identifying possible actions or interventions to address the problem.

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Take Actions

Implementing the chosen solution.

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Evaluate Outcomes

Determining if the taken action was effective and assessing the patient's response.

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Clinical Deterioration

A decline in a patient's condition that may be life-threatening.

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Infection Prevention and Control Canada (IPAC)

A non-profit organization dedicated to developing evidence-based best practices on infection prevention and control in healthcare settings.

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Public Health Ontario (PHO)

An organization dedicated to protecting the health of Ontarians, including preventing the spread of infections.

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Canadian Patient Safety Institute (CPSI)

An organization dedicated to creating safer healthcare systems by collaborating with different groups.

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Public Services Health and Safety Association (PSHSA)

An organization focused on creating safe working environments in Ontario, which includes preventing infectious diseases.

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What are some factors to consider in risk assessment for infection prevention?

Factors to be considered include: type of care required, client's diagnosis/infection status, client symptoms, environment of care, potential for exposure to body fluids, potential for exposure to contaminated equipment, and potential for exposure to airborne particles.

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What is the role of interprofessional collaboration in infection prevention?

Healthcare providers work together as a team to share knowledge, resources, and expertise to prevent infections. This includes recognizing and applying current evidence-based strategies.

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What is the importance of recognizing and applying evidence-based practices in infection prevention?

It is crucial to use proven methods and research findings that are effective in stopping the spread of infection and promoting safety.

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What is a safe working environment in healthcare?

A workplace with minimized risks of infection and ensures health for everyone involved in the clinical setting.

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What is the role of a healthcare provider in infection prevention?

Healthcare providers are responsible for identifying and implementing strategies to prevent infections. They should work collaboratively and utilize evidence-based practices.

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Why is it important to consult with colleagues during decision-making for infection prevention?

Consulting with colleagues allows for shared knowledge, expertise, and diverse perspectives, resulting in a more informed and comprehensive approach to infection prevention.

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Skin Breakdown Factors

Conditions that increase the risk of skin damage, including sensory nerve impairment, nutritional deficiencies, moisture exposure, and reduced blood flow.

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Sensory Nerve Function Assessment

Evaluating a patient's ability to feel pain, touch, and temperature changes during bathing to identify potential sensory nerve issues.

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External Device Pressure

Force applied by casts, restraints, bandages, tubing, or braces that can cause skin breakdown.

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Inadequate Blood Flow and Skin

Reduced circulation to the extremities, often due to poor arterial supply or venous return, can cause skin breakdown and infection.

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Hygiene Care Routine

A schedule of providing personal care, including bathing, oral hygiene, and changing linens, tailored to the patient's needs.

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Chain of Transmission

The steps involved in the spread of an infection from one person to another.

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Infectious Agent

The microorganism (like bacteria, virus, or fungi) that causes the disease.

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Reservoir

The place where the infectious agent lives and multiplies (e.g., human, animal, environment).

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Portal of Exit

The way the infectious agent leaves the reservoir (e.g., nose, mouth, wound).

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Mode of Transmission

The method that carries the infectious agent to a susceptible person (e.g., direct contact, airborne droplets, contaminated objects).

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Portal of Entry

The way the infectious agent enters the new host (e.g., nose, mouth, eyes, wound).

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Susceptible Host

A person who is at risk for getting the infection due to weak immune system or other factors.

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Study Notes

Learning Objectives

  • Understand the clinical judgment model (CJM) and its connection to foundational skills.
  • Apply the Dignity, Independence, Preference, Privacy, Safety (DIPPS) acronym to client care.
  • Define person-centred/client-centred care.
  • Identify and describe the College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO) and its purpose.
  • Examine the CNO Entry-to-Practice Competencies for Registered Nurses (RNs).

Registered Nurse (RN) Definition

  • The goal of nursing is to restore, maintain, and advance the health of individuals, groups, or entire communities.
  • Nursing combines scientific application of knowledge with the caring aspects of practice. This combines technical skills with compassion.

CNO Definition

  • The College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO) governs Registered Nurses (RNs), Registered Practical Nurses (RPNs), and Nurse Practitioners (NPs) in Ontario, Canada.

Self-Regulating Profession

  • Nursing is a self-regulating profession in Ontario, granted the privilege since 1963.
  • This means nurses are responsible for regulating their own profession through the CNO.

9 Competencies

  • Clinician: Provides safe, competent, ethical, compassionate, and evidence-informed care across the lifespan in response to client needs.
  • Professional: RNs uphold professional standards and ethics while being accountable to the public.
  • Communicator: RNs utilize various strategies and technologies to create and maintain positive professional relationships, share information, and foster therapeutic environments.
  • Collaborator: RNs play a key role as partners in the healthcare team.
  • Coordinator: RNs coordinate patient care to ensure safe, continuous care provision.
  • Leader: RNs inspire others toward achievable health outcomes.
  • Advocate: RNs support clients to express their needs.
  • Educator: RNs focus on client learning needs and develop strategies to meet them.
  • Scholar: RNs utilize evidence-based practice and participate in research.

Clinical Judgment and Nursing

  • Clinical judgement involves the assessment of patients' health concerns and abilities.
  • It also includes a decision to intervene/act or not.

Clinical Reasoning

  • Clinical reasoning or critical thinking are ways of analysing personal reasoning and its outcomes.
  • Cues, or observable behaviours/symptoms, are important prompts to consider in the process.

The Nursing Process

  • Recognising Cues: Identifying cues that require actions because they are abnormal.
  • Prioritising Hypotheses: Evaluating cues and ranking them in order of priority.
  • Generating Solutions: Identifying ways to address the priority problems.
  • Taking Actions: Implementing the identified solutions.
  • Evaluating Outcomes: Determining the effectiveness of the actions.

Infection Prevention and Control

  • Practices involved in protecting clients, staff, and healthcare environments from pathogens.
  • Infection prevention and control risk assessments.
  • Routine practices.
  • Additional precautions (contact, droplet, airborne, or combination).

Risk Factors of Infections

  • Type of care needed for a client.
  • Diagnosis & clinical symptoms displayed.
  • Environment is being entered into for care.
  • Risk of exposure to body fluids (blood, excretions, secretions) or within 2 meters of the client.
  • Risk of exposure to blood, body fluids, or contaminated equipment.
  • Client's use of medical devices.

Infection Prevention & Control Practices

  • Hand Hygiene
  • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
  • Respiratory Etiquette
  • Safe handling of sharps
  • Controlling environmental contamination
  • Avoidance procedures and actions.

Chain of Transmission

  • Infectious agent
  • Reservoir
  • Portal of exit
  • Mode of transmission (contact, droplet, or airborne)
  • Portal of entry
  • Susceptible host

Types of Infections

  • Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs)
  • Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs).
  • Medical asepsis (cleaning techniques)
  • Sterile asepsis (germ-free techniques).
  • Routine Practices
  • Additional Precautions

Hand hygiene

  • Essential for preventing the spread of infections.

Medical Asepsis

  • Cleaning techniques to reduce the spread of microbes.

Sterile Asepsis

  • Techniques to eliminate all germs from an area.

Routine Practices

  • Practices include point-of-care risk assessment, appropriate hand hygiene, use of PPE, respiratory etiquette, safe sharps handling, preventing contamination and/or creating safe environments. Includes adhering to established procedures.

Additional Precautions

  • Contact, droplet, airborne, or combination precautions, based on infection risk.
  • Special accommodations (negative pressure rooms, cohorting).

Infection Prevention and Control, Risk Assessment

  • The process of identifying risks and determining infection prevention and control interventions needed in a healthcare setting.

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Description

Test your knowledge on hospital-acquired infections, antimicrobial resistance, and infection control practices. This quiz covers essential concepts such as medical and surgical asepsis, risk assessments, and the role of interprofessional collaboration. Enhance your understanding of client-centered care and best practices in healthcare settings.

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