68 Questions
What type of memory can be inferred when an infant shows preference for a familiar stimulus after a long delay in the VPC task?
Episodic memory
In the context of assessing memory in infants, why should age-appropriate behaviors be used?
To ensure the infant's comfort and engagement
What can the emotional salience of stimuli predict in terms of memory expression in infants?
Whether or not a memory will be expressed and how
In the still face experiment involving 5-month-olds, what was observed about memory up to 15 months later?
Evidence of memory up to 15 months later
What limitation should be ruled out as a behavioral issue before labeling it as a cognitive limitation?
Behavioral limitation
What change in preferences can occur in infants over a month after habituation according to the text?
From null preference to familiarity preference
What is one of the most thoroughly researched memory aspects assessed during the first 2 years of life?
Deferred imitation memory
Which structures are considered essential for memory performance on deferred imitation tasks?
Rhinal cortices and hippocampal formation
At what age do inferior temporal cortical areas start to become more adult-like?
12 months
Which area of the brain matures more rapidly at birth, anatomically?
Hippocampal structures
Why might early episodes in infancy not be remembered in adulthood according to the text?
Changes in visual pathway connectivity
What has research in monkeys suggested about age-related changes in memory across infancy?
Changes may reflect slow maturation of cortical areas over hippocampal development
What is the term used to define the phenomenon of more rapid forgetting in infancy compared to later in life?
Infantile amnesia
Which ability is acquired by children at around 22 months, allowing them to use personal pronouns like 'I' and 'me'?
Language development
In assessing memory in infants, what was observed when 2-4-year-olds were tested for memory via verbal recall after using the toy shrinking machine?
Children did not use words beyond their vocabulary at the time of encoding
What was proposed about the influence of parental communication on memory reporting when children start discussing past events?
Parents impact children's ability to generate narratives about past events
Which cultural tendency is associated with earlier reported memories of past personal experiences in individuals?
Individualistic cultures
According to the content, what plays a significant role in enabling repeated memory retrieval and maintenance over time in children?
Social discussion of joint memories
What is a challenge for studying memory in infants?
Limited motor abilities
Why should age-appropriate behaviors be used when assessing memory in infants?
To ensure accurate memory assessment
What might an infant showing a preference for a familiar stimulus after a long delay in the VPC task indicate?
Familiarity preference
Why was there no evidence of memory observed after a long delay in the VPC task in infants?
Behavioral limitation
What type of memory system might infants have based on their ability to prefer familiar stimuli over time?
Long-term memory system
In the context of the still face experiment, what did the emotional component between 5-month-olds and their mothers indicate about memory?
Memory lasting up to 15 months later
What is inferred when an infant reproduces a series of novel actions immediately after observing them?
Deferred imitation
How long can 10-month-old infants remember a two-step event according to the text?
6 months
What did research show about the memory retention of infants with longer gestation periods compared to those with shorter gestation periods?
There is no difference in memory retention based on gestation period.
What is the primary challenge in drawing general conclusions across memory research paradigms according to the text?
Varying events that occur during learning and retrieval
What type of memory is assessed when an infant recognizes a familiar stimulus after a delay in the Visual Paired Comparison task?
Recognition memory
Why is deferred imitation considered a measure of recall memory in infants?
It involves reproducing actions after a delay.
How does the text suggest assessing long-term memory development in infants?
Through repeated measures of memory over time
What issue makes it challenging to predict how long an infant will remember a specific event?
Differences in individual infant responses to stimuli
In a deferred imitation task, what happens when an infant is shown a target task with a cow but later given a duck to perform the same task?
The infant will not be able to perform the task with the duck due to specific details changing.
Why do infants struggle to perform tasks in deferred imitation when specific traits and details change?
Memory is disrupted when specific traits and details change in the task environment.
What additional cues become available as infants age, aiding in their memory retention?
Improved generalization across environments and target objects
How does language development contribute to memory retention in infants according to the text?
It helps with retrieval and retention by verbally rehearsing memories.
Which brain area, located in the lower-middle portion of the brain, is crucial for long-term information storage?
Hippocampal formation and parahippocampal gyrus
What makes the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving memories complex according to brain development research?
Difficulty in pinpointing one specific brain area responsible for each type of memory.
At what age do children typically acquire the ability to use personal pronouns like 'I' and 'me', as mentioned in the text?
22 months
In a study with the toy shrinking machine, how long after the event were 2-4-year-olds tested for memory via verbal recall?
6-12 months
What did researchers find regarding the first-born children's memories compared to later-born children, as per the text?
First-born children tended to have memories 3-5 months earlier
What explanation is proposed for why first-born children tend to have memories earlier than later-born children?
More opportunities for verbal rehearsal of previously experienced events
What is defined by more rapid forgetting in infancy compared to later in life, as discussed in the text?
Infantile Amnesia
Which cultural tendency is associated with reporting earlier memories of past personal experiences based on the information provided?
Individualistic cultures
What term, coined by Freud, refers to the inability to recall early childhood memories?
Childhood amnesia
What does the decline of childhood amnesia suggest about the onset of autobiographical memory?
It is connected to the development of a self-concept
At what age do infants typically start showing signs of autobiographical memory?
18 months
What task involves infants touching their nose upon seeing a reflection in a mirror with a red dot on them?
Rouge task
What theory, proposed by Freud, suggests that early childhood memories are actively blocked due to unacceptable impulses?
Repression theory
What milestone is associated with the decline of childhood amnesia in infants?
Onset of autobiographical memory
Why might an infant struggle to perform a task in a deferred imitation when specific traits and details change?
Memory is disrupted when changes in specific traits and details occur.
What role does language development play in helping infants with memory retention?
Language development allows infants to verbally rehearse memories.
Why is it hard to pinpoint one specific brain area responsible for memory encoding, storing, and retrieval?
Multiple brain areas are involved in the complex process.
What does the disruption of memory with changes in specific traits suggest about infant memory representations?
Infant memory representations are highly specific.
What makes assessing brain development and maturation of structures challenging in relation to memory differences between age groups?
Multiple structures are involved in memory performance, making it hard to pinpoint a single cause.
Why do additional cues in the environment become available as infants age?
Because infants learn to generalize across environments better.
What structures are primarily involved in visual recognition memory according to the text?
Rhinal cortices and hippocampal formation
Why might early episodes in infancy not be remembered in adulthood according to the text?
Lack of adult-like visual pathways in infancy
What did research in monkeys suggest about age-related changes in memory across infancy?
Memory changes reflect the slow maturation of cortical areas
Why is retention in experimental studies so short, according to the text?
Functional immaturity of cortical areas
What did studies reveal about the anatomical and functional maturity of hippocampal structures at birth?
Anatomically mature but functionally immature
What is suggested by the way visual information reaches the adult hippocampal structures in infancy?
Different from adult pathways
What problem do limited motor abilities in infants pose when studying memory?
Difficulty in engaging with novel stimuli for memory tasks
Why is it important to rule out behavioral limitations before labeling a lack of memory as a cognitive limitation?
To avoid prematurely attributing cognitive deficits to infants
What might the emotional salience of stimuli predict in terms of memory expression in infants?
Influence on whether or how a memory will be expressed
What does a preference for a familiar stimulus after a long delay in the VPC task indicate about infants' memory?
Potential indication of memory retention
How might the emotional component between 5-month-olds and their mothers impact memory, as observed in the still face experiment?
Contribute to long-lasting memory up to 15 months later
Why should age-appropriate behaviors be used when assessing memory in infants?
To prevent misinterpretation of behavioral limitations as cognitive deficits
Test your knowledge on how infants encode and recognize stimuli in real life versus experimental environments. Explore the influence of different conditions on learning and memory abilities. Learn about the challenges of studying memory in infants with limited motor abilities.
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