Infant Growth and Development Milestones

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Questions and Answers

What key developmental milestone is associated with the onset of stranger anxiety?

6 months of age

3 months of age

10 months of age

8 months of age (correct)

At what age does an infant typically begin to roll from supine to prone and back?

6 months

5 months (correct)

4 months

7 months

Which of the following actions signifies the coordination of secondary schemes in infants?

Sucking reflex only

Using hand-eye coordination to reach for a toy (correct)

Rolling over

Crawling on hands and knees

What is a characteristic of an infant's temperament that ranges between low and moderate activity levels?

Regular and predictable behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which fine motor skill is expected to develop first in infants?

Involuntary hand movements Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the distress an infant experiences when a parent leaves?

Separation anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What fine motor skill is typically acquired by an infant at 10 months of age?

Fine pincer grasp Signup and view all the answers

Which substage of Piaget's sensorimotor theory includes the use of reflexes?

Substage 1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the average weight of an infant at birth?

3,400 g (7.5 lb) Signup and view all the answers

At what age does an infant's head circumference typically increase by about 10 cm?

By 12 months Signup and view all the answers

Which primitive reflex disappears last during the first year of life?

Babinski reflex Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant change in the cardiovascular system of an infant during the first year?

Pulse rate decreases from 120-140 to about 100 Signup and view all the answers

What type of stool does an infant produce immediately after birth?

Meconium Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the change in the respiratory system of an infant compared to an adult?

Nasal passages are narrower Signup and view all the answers

At what age do the first primary teeth typically begin to erupt?

6 to 8 months Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex involves the infant turning their head when the mouth is stroked?

Root reflex Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the genitourinary system in infants?

More susceptible to dehydration Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental theory relates to the conflict of trust versus mistrust in infants?

Erikson's theory Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of an infant's respiratory system makes them more susceptible to respiratory issues compared to adults?

The trachea and chest wall are more compliant. Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the Moro reflex typically disappear in infants?

By 4 months. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following systems remains immature at birth and gradually matures over the first year of life?

Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

How does the average pulse rate of an infant change from birth to 1 year of age?

Decreases from 120-140 to about 100 bpm. Signup and view all the answers

What change typically occurs in an infant's hematopoietic system during the first few months after birth?

A decrease in hemoglobin levels. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the protective reflexes that develop as primitive reflexes disappear?

To maintain equilibrium. Signup and view all the answers

What is the average weight of an infant at 12 months of age compared to their weight at birth?

Approximately 9,100 g. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs in an infant's skin compared to that of an adult?

Infants have more superficial peripheral capillaries. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor influencing the development of an infant's gastrointestinal system?

Increased stomach capacity as the infant grows. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflexes typically disappears first during the first year of life?

Suck reflex. Signup and view all the answers

What developmental milestone is typically achieved when infants start to pull to stand?

10 months Signup and view all the answers

During which substage of Piaget's sensorimotor theory do infants begin to perform secondary circular reactions?

Substage 3 Signup and view all the answers

At which age do infants typically begin to sit unsupported?

8 months Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of the fine motor skills of an 11-month-old infant?

Offers objects to others and releases them Signup and view all the answers

What defines the temperament of infants with highly active traits?

More intense reactions and unpredictable behavior Signup and view all the answers

When do infants generally develop separation anxiety?

Around 8 months Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurs in the gross motor skills of infants by 12 months of age?

Walking independently is achieved Signup and view all the answers

What action signifies the primary circular reactions in infants?

Sucking thumb Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Infant Growth

Weight: Average infant weighs 3,400g (7.5 lb) at birth. Weight doubles by 4-6 months and triples by 12 months.
Length: Average length is 50 cm (20 in) at birth, increasing by 50% by 12 months.
Head Circumference: Average head circumference is 35 cm (13.5 in) at birth, increasing by approximately 10 cm by 12 months.

Assessing Developmental Milestones

Parent Evaluation: Inquire with the parent about developmental milestones attained.
Observation: Observe the skill during assessment.
Screening Tools: Employ screening tools such as:
- Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ)
- Infant-Toddler Checklist (ITC)
- Infant Development Inventory (IDI)
- Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status-Developmental Milestones (PEDS-DM).

Physiologic Changes

Immature Systems: Infant systems are immature at birth, maturing over the first year.
Neurologic System: The central nervous system (CNS) isn't fully myelinated. Primitive reflexes are present at birth.

Reflexes

Step: The infant kicks legs when held upright (disappears 4-8 wk).
Root: Turns head towards a touched or stroked area on the mouth (disappears 3 mos).
Suck: Disappears (2-5 mos).
Moro: Startle reflex (disappears 4 mos).
Asymmetric Tonic Neck: Opposite arm and leg extension (disappears 4 mos).
Plantar: Toes curl backward when sole of foot is stimulated (disappears 9 mos).
Palmar Grasp: Grasps fingers introduced to the palm (disappears 4-6 mos).
Babinski: Toes fan out when sole of foot is stimulated (disappears 12 mos).
Neck Righting: Turns head when lying on the back (4-6 mos).
Parachute (Sideways): Reaches out opposite the push to prevent falling sideways (6 mos).
Parachute (Forward): Reacts to forward rotation while held upright (6-7 mos).
Protective Reflexes: As primitive reflexes fade, protective reflexes develop for maintaining balance and are present throughout life.

Respiratory System

Immature Structures: Infant nasal passages are narrower, the larynx is more funnel-shaped, and the trachea and chest wall are more compliant than in adults.
Less Developed Alveoli: Bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli are also less developed, Fewer in number.
High Respiratory Rate: Respiratory rate is initially high but decreases with maturity.

Cardiovascular System

Heart Growth: Heart doubles in size during the first year.
Pulse Rate: Average pulse rate is 120-140 bpm in newborns, decreasing to approximately 100 bpm by one year.
Blood Pressure: Average blood pressure is 60/40 in newborns, consistently increasing to 100/50 by 12 months.
Peripheral Capillaries: Peripheral capillaries are closer to the skin surface, making newborns and young infants more susceptible to heat loss, with improved thermoregulation over the first few months.

Gastrointestinal System

Tongue Size: Infant tongue is large relative to oral cavity size, aiding in latching.
Increased Stomach Capacity: Stomach capacity increases with growth.
Teeth Emergence: First primary teeth (incisors) typically erupt between 6 - 8 months.
Stool Changes: Stools change from meconium at birth to varying consistencies and frequencies based on feeding.

Genitourinary System

Frequent Urination: Frequent urination is common.
Low Specific Gravity: Specific gravity of the urine is lower.
Reduced Renal Function: All renal functions are less developed compared to adults.
Dehydration Susceptibility: Infants are more susceptible to dehydration.
Poor Urine Concentration: Their ability to concentrate urine is less efficient.

Integumentary System

Newborn Characteristics: Lanugo and vernix may be present at birth. Acrocyanosis is normal in newborns (and fades within days).
Thin Skin: Infant skin is relatively thinner than adult skin.
Superficial Capillaries: Peripheral capillaries are more superficial, leading to greater heat loss susceptibility.

Hematopoietic and Immunologic Systems

High Hemoglobin: High hemoglobin level at birth, decreasing over the first 2-3 months, stabilizing by 6-9 months with adequate iron intake.
Maternal IgG: Maternal IgG is transmitted to the infant, protecting it in the first 3-6 months of life.

Developmental Theories

Erikson: Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-1 year). Responding to needs (feeding, diaper changing etc). Infant realizes separateness from parents.
Piaget: Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years):
- Stages 1-4: Reflexive behavior, circular reactions, object permanence to more complex interactions. Learning from senses and motor skills.
Freud: Oral Stage (birth to 1 year): Focus on feeding and sucking.

Stranger Anxiety: Develops around 8 months, infant recognizing self as separate.
Separation Anxiety: Develops later, infant distressed upon parent's leaving.
Temperament: Ranges from low - moderately active, regular and predictable to highly active, intense, less adaptable.

Gross Motor Skill Progression

1 Month: Lifts, turns head when prone, head lag.
2 Months: Raises head and chest, improving head control.
3 Months: Raises head 45 degrees in prone, slight head lag.
4 Months: Lifts head and looks around, rolls from prone to supine.
5 Months: Rolls from supine to prone and back, sits upright with support.
6 Months: Tripod sits.
7 Months: Sits alone with some use of hands.
8 Months: Sits unsupported.
9 Months: Crawls, abdomen off floor.
10 Months: Pulls to stand, cruises.
12 Months: Sits from standing position, walks independently.

Fine Motor Skill Progression

1 Month: Fists mostly clenched, involuntary hand movements.
3 Months: Holds hand in front of face, hands open.
4 Months: Bats at objects.
5 Months: Grasps rattle.
6 Months: Releases object to take another.
7 Months: Transfers objects from one hand to the other.
8 Months: Gross pincer grasp (rakes).
9 Months: Bangs objects together.
10 Months: Fine pincer grasp, places and removes objects.
11 Months: Offers and releases objects to others.
12 Months: Feeds self, makes marks, pokes with index finger.

Premature Infants

Detail omitted. (Information about premature infants was not fully described in the text.)

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Description

Explore key aspects of infant growth, including average weight, length, and head circumference changes in the first year. Assess developmental milestones through parent evaluations and observation, utilizing effective screening tools for comprehensive evaluation.