Podcast
Questions and Answers
At what average age does menarche typically occur in females?
At what average age does menarche typically occur in females?
Which of the following best describes the primary concern for males regarding delayed development in adolescence?
Which of the following best describes the primary concern for males regarding delayed development in adolescence?
What is a key feature of the 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' stage in adolescence?
What is a key feature of the 'Identity vs. Role Confusion' stage in adolescence?
What is a significant cognitive development characteristic of adolescents in the Formal Operational stage?
What is a significant cognitive development characteristic of adolescents in the Formal Operational stage?
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Which statement about peak height velocity in adolescence is true?
Which statement about peak height velocity in adolescence is true?
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At what age does toilet training typically begin as anal and urinary sphincter control develops?
At what age does toilet training typically begin as anal and urinary sphincter control develops?
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What is the key characteristic of egocentrism in early childhood cognitive development?
What is the key characteristic of egocentrism in early childhood cognitive development?
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Which of the following describes the appetite of toddlers?
Which of the following describes the appetite of toddlers?
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Which developmental stage is characterized by magical thinking and animism?
Which developmental stage is characterized by magical thinking and animism?
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How many words does a child typically develop in their vocabulary by the age of 3?
How many words does a child typically develop in their vocabulary by the age of 3?
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What behavior is most commonly exhibited by children during the initiative vs. guilt stage?
What behavior is most commonly exhibited by children during the initiative vs. guilt stage?
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What milestone in physical development typically involves increased coordination and decreased risk of falls?
What milestone in physical development typically involves increased coordination and decreased risk of falls?
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Which type of play involves children playing side-by-side and interacting without a common goal?
Which type of play involves children playing side-by-side and interacting without a common goal?
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At what age do boys typically experience their prepubertal growth spurt?
At what age do boys typically experience their prepubertal growth spurt?
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What is a key feature of the Concrete Operational stage in cognitive development?
What is a key feature of the Concrete Operational stage in cognitive development?
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Which nutrient is particularly emphasized for support during puberty and growth spurts?
Which nutrient is particularly emphasized for support during puberty and growth spurts?
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During which psychosocial stage do children start developing self-esteem based on experiences of success?
During which psychosocial stage do children start developing self-esteem based on experiences of success?
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What amount of juice is recommended for children aged 1-6 years?
What amount of juice is recommended for children aged 1-6 years?
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What cognitive skill involves understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance?
What cognitive skill involves understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance?
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What is one potential negative impact of social media on children?
What is one potential negative impact of social media on children?
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What is the recommended toothpaste amount for children at 3 years old?
What is the recommended toothpaste amount for children at 3 years old?
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At what ages are girls screened for scoliosis?
At what ages are girls screened for scoliosis?
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What type of play focuses on working towards a common goal with others?
What type of play focuses on working towards a common goal with others?
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At what age does a child's weight typically quadruple from their birth weight?
At what age does a child's weight typically quadruple from their birth weight?
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What is a common behavior exhibited by toddlers as they develop autonomy?
What is a common behavior exhibited by toddlers as they develop autonomy?
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At what age should baby food introduction begin due to digestive maturity?
At what age should baby food introduction begin due to digestive maturity?
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Which developmental milestone is typically reached between 2-4 months?
Which developmental milestone is typically reached between 2-4 months?
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What should milk intake be limited to per day to prevent iron deficiency anemia in toddlers?
What should milk intake be limited to per day to prevent iron deficiency anemia in toddlers?
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During which stage of cognitive development does a child begin to understand cause and effect?
During which stage of cognitive development does a child begin to understand cause and effect?
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At what age does stranger anxiety typically begin to manifest in infants?
At what age does stranger anxiety typically begin to manifest in infants?
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Which language development milestone occurs at 10-12 months?
Which language development milestone occurs at 10-12 months?
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When should a child's first dentist appointment ideally take place?
When should a child's first dentist appointment ideally take place?
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In which month range does the anterior fontanel typically close?
In which month range does the anterior fontanel typically close?
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At what age does a newborn typically demonstrate no head lag?
At what age does a newborn typically demonstrate no head lag?
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Which reflex is present in newborns but typically disappears during infancy?
Which reflex is present in newborns but typically disappears during infancy?
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What is the main developmental task during the trust vs. mistrust stage for newborns?
What is the main developmental task during the trust vs. mistrust stage for newborns?
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At what age does an infant start to develop a crude pincer grasp?
At what age does an infant start to develop a crude pincer grasp?
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How often should a newborn be breastfed on demand?
How often should a newborn be breastfed on demand?
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When does an infant begin to show enjoyment in looking at their self-image in a mirror?
When does an infant begin to show enjoyment in looking at their self-image in a mirror?
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What developmental milestone is expected at 10-12 months?
What developmental milestone is expected at 10-12 months?
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What indicates adequate breastfeeding in a newborn?
What indicates adequate breastfeeding in a newborn?
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Which aspect of cognitive development is notable at 8-10 months?
Which aspect of cognitive development is notable at 8-10 months?
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What gross motor skill is typically developed by an infant at 6-8 months?
What gross motor skill is typically developed by an infant at 6-8 months?
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Study Notes
Newborn (Birth - 1 month)
- Physical Development: Brain growth continues, growth follows cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns. Lifts head if prone, holds finger in fist. Anterior and posterior fontanels are open, flat, and pulsating. Several reflexes present (rooting, grasp, Babinski, Moro, etc.). Weight doubles between 4-6 months.
- Cognitive Development: Learns about world through senses and motor activity. Prefers faces and follows line of vision.
- Social and Emotional Behaviors: Trust vs. Mistrust stage. Develops a sense of trust when needs are met consistently. Spends most time sleeping.
- Nutrition: Breastfeeding every 2-3 hours on demand or bottle feeding 60-90cc every 2-3 hours, Adequate feeding indicated by frequent feeding, alertness satisfaction, audible swallowing, breast softening, adequate weight gain, and wet/stool diapers.
- Other: Oral hygiene should be started at birth by gently wiping gums.
Infancy (1 - 12 months)
- Physical Development: Brain growth continues rapidly until 2-3 years, decreased head lag at 2-4 months, no head lag at 4-6 months, rolls from belly to back at 4-6 months. Sits with support from 2-4 months. Develops sitting alone at 8 months, sits from standing at 10-12 months. Crawls (4-6 months), creeps (8-10 months), pulls to standing (8-10 months), stands alone (10-12 months), walks (10-12 months), Holds rattle (2-4 months), plays with fingers, brings objects to mouth (2-4 months), looks at fingers often, palmar grasp and reaching (4-6 months), reaches for objects, transfers objects hand to hand (4-6 months), crude pincer grasp (6-8 months), transfers objects, bangs objects (6-8 months), fine pincer grasp (8-10 months), grasps small objects (8-10 months), holds crayon, builds tower (10-12 months). Posterior fontanel closes between 2-3 months. Anterior fontanel closes between 12-18 months (up to 24 months). Birth weight triples between 10-12 months, Head circumference (HC) should be equal to chest circumference (CC) at 10-12 months.
- Cognitive Development: Continues in the sensorimotor stage, develops object permanence (8-10 months), enjoys looking at self-image in the mirror (6-8 months).
Social and Emotional Behaviors(Infancy-Toddlerhood)
- Trust vs. Mistrust stage continues: Smiles and laughs at 2-4 months, memory begins. Develops sleep for longer periods, sleep problems usually learned. Separation anxiety (4-6 months), strangers anxiety (6-8 months), responds to name (6-8 months), engages in peek-a-boo and patty cake (10-12 months).
Nutrition(Infancy-Toddlerhood)
- Breast or bottle feeding every 3-4 hours. Introduction of baby food and weaning from breast milk begins at 6 months. Eruption of lower incisors at 6-8 months. Finger foods at 8-10 months. Self feeds with spoon (10-12 months), eats soft table food (10-12 months). Juice consumption should be avoided under 6 months.
Language Development(Infancy-Toddlerhood)
- Cooing, gargling, and laughter begin at 2-4 months. Starts putting sounds together (e.g., "da-da") at 6-8 months. Understands "no" (8-10 months). 3-5 words, understanding of "ma-ma" and "da-da" from 10-12 months.
Toddlerhood (1 - 3 years)
- Physical Development: Growth slows, reaches half of adult height. Chest circumference is greater than head circumference. Legs elongate. Anterior fontanel closes (12-18 months). Locomotion develops, increased risk of falls. Develops ability to dress themselves. Scribbles and makes block towers.
- Cognitive Development: Transitions from sensorimotor to preoperational stage. Understands cause and effect. Demonstrates object permanence. Less fearful of strangers when parents present, engages in imitation / develops concept of time.
- Social and Emotional Behaviors: Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt stage- Develops sense of autonomy by controlling body/environment. Exhibits holding on/letting go behaviors, rituals, frequent use of the word "no", requires consistent limit setting.
Preschool (3 - 5 years)
- Physical Development: Growth slows down. Birth weight quadruples. Reaches half of adult height. Chest circumference is larger then head circumference.
- Other: Once teeth come in, gently brush with soft toothbrush and smear of toothpaste. First dentist appointment before 1 year old.
School Age (6 - 12 years old)
- Physical Development: Becomes more coordinated, uses scissors, draws circles & squares, draws 6-part person, buttons clothes.
- Cognitive Development: Transitions from preoperational to concrete operational stage, engages in symbolic thinking. Exhibits egocentricism, displays animism, and engages in magical thinking.
- Social and emotional behaviors: Develops a sense of personal identity. Success leads to identity and purpose; failure leads to role confusion and uncertainty.
Adolescence (12 - 21 years old)
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Physical Development: Last stage, girls growth spurt is at 10, boys at 12-13, height increases, weight decreases, muscle mass increases. Engaging in activities that require balance and strength.
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Cognitive Development: Formal operational stage, thinks logically about objects and events (e.g. objects, events, problems concretely), solves problems with concrete reasoning, develops conservation (understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance), understands reversibility (actions can be reversed). Develops classification skills by grouping objects.
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Social and Emotional Behaviors: Industry vs. Inferiority stage, developing a self-esteem based on success and encouragement, Experiences success = confidence, Repeated failure / criticism = inferiority, success in one area compensates for struggles in another, maintain self-worth. Requires mentors and a support system, social media can impact self esteem.
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Other Considerations: Needs a balanced diet according to recommendations. Facing peer pressure and fast food. Needs foods that support puberty and growth spurts (protein, Vitamin D3 etc.) -Girls screened at ages 10 and 12 for scoliosis; boys at age 13 or 14; puberty and ongoing brain development, early (12-14) / middle (15-17) / late (18-21) adolescence. Breast development (Thelarche), pubic hair (Adrenarche), onset of menstruation (menarche).
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Delayed Development: Female (no breast development by 13, lack of menses 4 years after thelarche), Male (no puberty by 13.5-14). Tanner stages (breast/pubic hair development etc). Peak height velocity, linear growth spurt females/males (10, 18-20 approx. yrs).
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Description
This quiz covers the critical developmental milestones from birth to 12 months, focusing on physical, cognitive, and social-emotional growth. It delves into key areas such as trust building, nutrition, and early reflexes. Assess your understanding of how newborns and infants progress during this vital stage of life.
