Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the average weight range considered healthy for a full-term newborn?
What is the average weight range considered healthy for a full-term newborn?
- 5 pounds, 0 ounces to 7 pounds, 0 ounces
- 4 pounds, 8 ounces to 6 pounds, 13 ounces
- 6 pounds, 0 ounces to 9 pounds, 0 ounces
- 5 pounds, 8 ounces to 8 pounds, 13 ounces (correct)
At what length does the average newborn grow to by 12 months?
At what length does the average newborn grow to by 12 months?
- 29.5 inches (correct)
- 32.5 inches
- 24.5 inches
- 27.5 inches
Which of the following best differentiates between gross and fine motor skills?
Which of the following best differentiates between gross and fine motor skills?
- Gross motor skills are related to sensory abilities; fine motor skills are linked to emotional development.
- Gross motor skills include crawling; fine motor skills include grasping objects. (correct)
- Gross motor skills involve small movements; fine motor skills involve large movements.
- Gross motor skills develop during toddlerhood; fine motor skills develop during infancy.
What is a significant concern associated with malnutrition in infancy?
What is a significant concern associated with malnutrition in infancy?
Which of the following statements accurately describes Piaget's stages of sensorimotor intelligence?
Which of the following statements accurately describes Piaget's stages of sensorimotor intelligence?
What is a key milestone in emotional development during infancy?
What is a key milestone in emotional development during infancy?
Which of the following best describes attachment styles and their implications?
Which of the following best describes attachment styles and their implications?
How does caregiving impact emotional regulation in infants?
How does caregiving impact emotional regulation in infants?
What percentage of their body weight do infants typically lose in the first few days of life?
What percentage of their body weight do infants typically lose in the first few days of life?
At what age does an infant usually double its birth weight?
At what age does an infant usually double its birth weight?
By what age has an infant's weight typically quadrupled from their birth weight?
By what age has an infant's weight typically quadrupled from their birth weight?
What is the average height of a child at 12 months old?
What is the average height of a child at 12 months old?
How is a baby’s growth commonly expressed at health check-ups?
How is a baby’s growth commonly expressed at health check-ups?
If a baby moves from the 50th percentile to the 20th percentile, what could this indicate?
If a baby moves from the 50th percentile to the 20th percentile, what could this indicate?
At birth, the brain is approximately what percentage of its adult weight?
At birth, the brain is approximately what percentage of its adult weight?
What occurs to neural connections during early childhood as a result of experience?
What occurs to neural connections during early childhood as a result of experience?
Which part of the brain continues to grow and mature throughout childhood and into adolescence?
Which part of the brain continues to grow and mature throughout childhood and into adolescence?
What is myelin's role in the brain's development?
What is myelin's role in the brain's development?
Which reflex is NOT considered vital for an infant's survival?
Which reflex is NOT considered vital for an infant's survival?
What is one of the first motor skills developed in infants?
What is one of the first motor skills developed in infants?
How many neurons are estimated to be present at birth?
How many neurons are estimated to be present at birth?
What percentage of a person's length does their head make up at birth?
What percentage of a person's length does their head make up at birth?
What reflex is characterized by the toes fanning upward when the feet are stroked?
What reflex is characterized by the toes fanning upward when the feet are stroked?
What is the maximum distance a newborn can typically see clearly?
What is the maximum distance a newborn can typically see clearly?
In which direction does motor development progress?
In which direction does motor development progress?
At what age do infants start displaying preferences for patterns over solids?
At what age do infants start displaying preferences for patterns over solids?
At what age can most infants typically start to hold their heads up?
At what age can most infants typically start to hold their heads up?
What developmental milestone involves both coordination and muscle strength?
What developmental milestone involves both coordination and muscle strength?
How does an infant generally respond to their mother's voice compared to a stranger's voice?
How does an infant generally respond to their mother's voice compared to a stranger's voice?
Which of the following skills begins to develop first in infants?
Which of the following skills begins to develop first in infants?
What response do newborns exhibit when experiencing pain?
What response do newborns exhibit when experiencing pain?
When can infants begin to distinguish between sour, bitter, sweet, and salty flavors?
When can infants begin to distinguish between sour, bitter, sweet, and salty flavors?
Which action significantly enhances an infant's ability to control and manipulate objects?
Which action significantly enhances an infant's ability to control and manipulate objects?
When does an infant typically start to reach for objects intentionally?
When does an infant typically start to reach for objects intentionally?
What crucial role does touch play in infants' development?
What crucial role does touch play in infants' development?
What sensory ability develops at approximately 2 months of age?
What sensory ability develops at approximately 2 months of age?
By what age can most infants stand alone and begin to walk?
By what age can most infants stand alone and begin to walk?
What term describes the interpretation of sensory information?
What term describes the interpretation of sensory information?
How do infants demonstrate a preference for their mother's smell?
How do infants demonstrate a preference for their mother's smell?
At what age are most babies able to begin using two-word sentences?
At what age are most babies able to begin using two-word sentences?
How long do infants typically sleep within the first three months of life?
How long do infants typically sleep within the first three months of life?
What is a possible outcome if a baby does not hold up his head by 4 months?
What is a possible outcome if a baby does not hold up his head by 4 months?
What is one of the notable changes in an infant's visual ability by 6 months of age?
What is one of the notable changes in an infant's visual ability by 6 months of age?
Which of the following actions can infants perform as early as 8 weeks?
Which of the following actions can infants perform as early as 8 weeks?
What happens to infants' sensitivity to different languages as they grow older?
What happens to infants' sensitivity to different languages as they grow older?
What is the primary benefit of touch on a newborn's emotional development?
What is the primary benefit of touch on a newborn's emotional development?
Which action describes the Moro reflex?
Which action describes the Moro reflex?
Which of the following developmental skills develops after gross motor skills?
Which of the following developmental skills develops after gross motor skills?
At what age do infants typically begin to prefer complex visual stimuli over simple ones?
At what age do infants typically begin to prefer complex visual stimuli over simple ones?
What is the typical sleep duration for infants aged 4-12 months?
What is the typical sleep duration for infants aged 4-12 months?
At what age does the highest risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) typically occur?
At what age does the highest risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) typically occur?
Which of the following is NOT a common risk factor for SIDS?
Which of the following is NOT a common risk factor for SIDS?
How did the Back to Sleep Campaign impact SIDS mortality rates?
How did the Back to Sleep Campaign impact SIDS mortality rates?
At what age do infants typically start eating solid foods?
At what age do infants typically start eating solid foods?
What condition is described as a lack of iron due to excessive milk consumption?
What condition is described as a lack of iron due to excessive milk consumption?
What sleep pattern do infants typically demonstrate compared to adults?
What sleep pattern do infants typically demonstrate compared to adults?
What percentage of infants slept at least six hours during the night by six months of age?
What percentage of infants slept at least six hours during the night by six months of age?
Which nutrient is specifically mentioned as impeding the absorption of iron?
Which nutrient is specifically mentioned as impeding the absorption of iron?
Which type of SUID has the highest incidence rate among infants less than one year old?
Which type of SUID has the highest incidence rate among infants less than one year old?
What is the World Health Organization's recommendation for breastfeeding duration?
What is the World Health Organization's recommendation for breastfeeding duration?
What is a common parental concern regarding infant sleep?
What is a common parental concern regarding infant sleep?
What happens to children who have diets deficient in protein after weaning?
What happens to children who have diets deficient in protein after weaning?
What is the typical nap pattern for infants aged 9-18 months?
What is the typical nap pattern for infants aged 9-18 months?
What is the process called that helps infants organize new information into an existing schema?
What is the process called that helps infants organize new information into an existing schema?
Which factor is not associated with accidental suffocation during sleep?
Which factor is not associated with accidental suffocation during sleep?
What term does Piaget use to describe the first stage of cognitive development?
What term does Piaget use to describe the first stage of cognitive development?
Which of the following is a significant risk for children in developing countries regarding nutrition?
Which of the following is a significant risk for children in developing countries regarding nutrition?
What trend occurs in sleep needs as children grow older from infancy to teens?
What trend occurs in sleep needs as children grow older from infancy to teens?
Which of the following is true about co-sleeping practices?
Which of the following is true about co-sleeping practices?
What is the mechanism by which children modify their existing schemas to include new information?
What is the mechanism by which children modify their existing schemas to include new information?
What behavior can lead to toddlers developing milk anemia?
What behavior can lead to toddlers developing milk anemia?
What percentage of infants were still not sleeping at least six uninterrupted hours at 12 months of age?
What percentage of infants were still not sleeping at least six uninterrupted hours at 12 months of age?
What significant change occurs in infant sleep habits around the age of 18 months?
What significant change occurs in infant sleep habits around the age of 18 months?
Which age range is particularly noted for the increasing prevalence of iron deficiency anemia?
Which age range is particularly noted for the increasing prevalence of iron deficiency anemia?
What is the term for the practice of breastfeeding exclusively for the first six months?
What is the term for the practice of breastfeeding exclusively for the first six months?
What fundamental course do theorists studying cognitive development generally address?
What fundamental course do theorists studying cognitive development generally address?
What is one of the key recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics for reducing the risk of SIDS?
What is one of the key recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics for reducing the risk of SIDS?
What are the consequences of malnutrition during infancy?
What are the consequences of malnutrition during infancy?
How does sharing a bedroom, but not a sleeping surface, benefit infants?
How does sharing a bedroom, but not a sleeping surface, benefit infants?
Which substance is NOT recommended for avoiding exposure to infants in relation to SIDS risk?
Which substance is NOT recommended for avoiding exposure to infants in relation to SIDS risk?
What is herd immunity?
What is herd immunity?
Why is colostrum referred to as 'liquid gold'?
Why is colostrum referred to as 'liquid gold'?
In what ways does breast milk adapt to meet an infant's needs?
In what ways does breast milk adapt to meet an infant's needs?
What did the California regulations change regarding vaccinations?
What did the California regulations change regarding vaccinations?
What role does breastfeeding play in infant health, according to recent recommendations?
What role does breastfeeding play in infant health, according to recent recommendations?
Which of the following consists of safe sleeping recommendations for infants?
Which of the following consists of safe sleeping recommendations for infants?
What is a possible consequence of not vaccinating infants?
What is a possible consequence of not vaccinating infants?
During which time frame is breastfeeding especially recommended for infants?
During which time frame is breastfeeding especially recommended for infants?
What is an effect of parental smoking in relation to SIDS?
What is an effect of parental smoking in relation to SIDS?
What significant mental strategy did the child employ when unable to turn the doorknob?
What significant mental strategy did the child employ when unable to turn the doorknob?
What essential nutrient does breast milk provide that is more easily absorbed than in supplements?
What essential nutrient does breast milk provide that is more easily absorbed than in supplements?
At what age do infants typically first demonstrate an understanding of object permanence?
At what age do infants typically first demonstrate an understanding of object permanence?
According to the content, why might Piaget have underestimated memory abilities in infants?
According to the content, why might Piaget have underestimated memory abilities in infants?
What type of communication do babies engage in from 0 to 3 months?
What type of communication do babies engage in from 0 to 3 months?
Which theory proposes that language is learned through reinforcement?
Which theory proposes that language is learned through reinforcement?
What concept is essential for the cognitive development of infants, allowing them to understand that objects continue to exist out of sight?
What concept is essential for the cognitive development of infants, allowing them to understand that objects continue to exist out of sight?
At what stage do toddlers start to enjoy games like hide-and-seek due to their understanding of object permanence?
At what stage do toddlers start to enjoy games like hide-and-seek due to their understanding of object permanence?
What ability develops in infants around 9 months of age, including language recognition?
What ability develops in infants around 9 months of age, including language recognition?
What does the Critical Period Hypothesis relate to in terms of language acquisition?
What does the Critical Period Hypothesis relate to in terms of language acquisition?
In which stage do children typically begin to form simple sentences of two words?
In which stage do children typically begin to form simple sentences of two words?
What factor is important for infants to improve their memory over time?
What factor is important for infants to improve their memory over time?
What ability do babies lack that limits their capacity to form complex memories?
What ability do babies lack that limits their capacity to form complex memories?
What aspect of memory development is acknowledged to improve with age in infants?
What aspect of memory development is acknowledged to improve with age in infants?
What ability do infants exhibit early on that allows them to differentiate between sounds?
What ability do infants exhibit early on that allows them to differentiate between sounds?
What is the age range for the Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions stage?
What is the age range for the Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions stage?
During which substage do infants primarily engage in reflexive actions?
During which substage do infants primarily engage in reflexive actions?
What can be expected during the Tertiary Circular Reactions stage?
What can be expected during the Tertiary Circular Reactions stage?
Which of the following best describes the Second Adaptations to the Environment substage?
Which of the following best describes the Second Adaptations to the Environment substage?
What is demonstrated when infants use their reflexes more deliberately?
What is demonstrated when infants use their reflexes more deliberately?
At what stage does an infant typically begin to understand the concept of object permanence?
At what stage does an infant typically begin to understand the concept of object permanence?
What significant development occurs during the Mental Representation substage?
What significant development occurs during the Mental Representation substage?
What type of reactions are characteristic of the Secondary Circular Reactions?
What type of reactions are characteristic of the Secondary Circular Reactions?
Which stage involves infants being considered 'little scientists'?
Which stage involves infants being considered 'little scientists'?
In which substage do infants first begin to engage in goal-directed behavior?
In which substage do infants first begin to engage in goal-directed behavior?
What kind of learning primarily occurs during the Active Experimentation substage?
What kind of learning primarily occurs during the Active Experimentation substage?
What is a key characteristic of the Reflexes substage?
What is a key characteristic of the Reflexes substage?
What happens in the Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions stage?
What happens in the Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions stage?
What does the infant learn during the first month of reflexive actions?
What does the infant learn during the first month of reflexive actions?
What is the primary method of communication for newborns before they develop language?
What is the primary method of communication for newborns before they develop language?
At what age do infants typically start vocalizing and practicing cooing?
At what age do infants typically start vocalizing and practicing cooing?
What term is used to describe the one-word expressions used by children around 12 to 13 months of age?
What term is used to describe the one-word expressions used by children around 12 to 13 months of age?
What is underextension in language development?
What is underextension in language development?
Which of the following characterizes the early vocabulary of English-speaking children?
Which of the following characterizes the early vocabulary of English-speaking children?
How do toddlers typically express themselves by 18 months old?
How do toddlers typically express themselves by 18 months old?
What is usually the content of the vocabulary growth spurt termed the naming explosion for one-year-olds?
What is usually the content of the vocabulary growth spurt termed the naming explosion for one-year-olds?
Why do adults often use 'baby talk' when communicating with infants?
Why do adults often use 'baby talk' when communicating with infants?
At what age can infants typically understand more than they can say?
At what age can infants typically understand more than they can say?
What happens to the sounds infants babble as they become accustomed to a particular language?
What happens to the sounds infants babble as they become accustomed to a particular language?
What kind of speech refers to toddlers using short phrases without grammatical correctness?
What kind of speech refers to toddlers using short phrases without grammatical correctness?
At what age do children begin producing recognizable babbling sounds?
At what age do children begin producing recognizable babbling sounds?
What is one significant difference between language acquisition in English-speaking children and Chinese children?
What is one significant difference between language acquisition in English-speaking children and Chinese children?
What aspect of language typically increases significantly in children during the vocabulary growth spurt?
What aspect of language typically increases significantly in children during the vocabulary growth spurt?
What is the primary purpose of child-directed speech or motherese?
What is the primary purpose of child-directed speech or motherese?
Which theory suggests that infants are naturally equipped to learn language?
Which theory suggests that infants are naturally equipped to learn language?
What does B.F. Skinner's theory of language development emphasize?
What does B.F. Skinner's theory of language development emphasize?
At what age do infants often begin to exhibit social smiling?
At what age do infants often begin to exhibit social smiling?
What does stranger wariness indicate in infants?
What does stranger wariness indicate in infants?
Why does separation anxiety occur in infants?
Why does separation anxiety occur in infants?
Which factor is primarily associated with the theory of social pragmatics in language acquisition?
Which factor is primarily associated with the theory of social pragmatics in language acquisition?
When is jealousy believed to first manifest in infants?
When is jealousy believed to first manifest in infants?
What role does the language acquisition device (LAD) play according to Chomsky's theory?
What role does the language acquisition device (LAD) play according to Chomsky's theory?
How do infants typically respond to unpleasant stimulation?
How do infants typically respond to unpleasant stimulation?
What describes the primary difference between Chomsky's theory and Skinner's theory of language acquisition?
What describes the primary difference between Chomsky's theory and Skinner's theory of language acquisition?
Which of the following behaviors is an indication of increased emotional complexity in infants?
Which of the following behaviors is an indication of increased emotional complexity in infants?
What typically occurs as infants' memory develops?
What typically occurs as infants' memory develops?
What is the term used to describe the reliance of infants on their caregivers for emotional regulation?
What is the term used to describe the reliance of infants on their caregivers for emotional regulation?
At what age do infants begin to intentionally avert their gaze to engage in self-regulation?
At what age do infants begin to intentionally avert their gaze to engage in self-regulation?
What is the primary focus of the Rouge Test in assessing infants' self-awareness?
What is the primary focus of the Rouge Test in assessing infants' self-awareness?
Which stage of self-awareness is characterized by the ability to identify oneself in a mirror?
Which stage of self-awareness is characterized by the ability to identify oneself in a mirror?
What behavioral strategy is commonly used by caregivers to help regulate an infant's emotions?
What behavioral strategy is commonly used by caregivers to help regulate an infant's emotions?
Which psychological development occurs as children begin forming relationships and managing their feelings?
Which psychological development occurs as children begin forming relationships and managing their feelings?
According to developmental psychologists, which factors are essential in forming healthy attachments during infancy?
According to developmental psychologists, which factors are essential in forming healthy attachments during infancy?
In which stage of self-awareness does a child begin understanding social emotions like guilt and empathy?
In which stage of self-awareness does a child begin understanding social emotions like guilt and empathy?
What is the idea behind the developmental theory posited by Philippe Rochat regarding self-awareness?
What is the idea behind the developmental theory posited by Philippe Rochat regarding self-awareness?
How do caregivers influence a child's emotional regulation abilities as they grow?
How do caregivers influence a child's emotional regulation abilities as they grow?
What type of emotional development is reflected in the process of separation anxiety?
What type of emotional development is reflected in the process of separation anxiety?
What key function does emotional regulation serve for infants relying on their caregivers?
What key function does emotional regulation serve for infants relying on their caregivers?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between infant emotional development and parenting styles?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between infant emotional development and parenting styles?
What primary need must infants rely on caregivers to fulfill during the first year of life?
What primary need must infants rely on caregivers to fulfill during the first year of life?
What does the term 'emotions as regulating' refer to in the context of emotional development?
What does the term 'emotions as regulating' refer to in the context of emotional development?
What is a likely outcome for a child if a caregiver consistently meets their needs?
What is a likely outcome for a child if a caregiver consistently meets their needs?
Which stage follows Trust vs. Mistrust in Erikson's theory for toddlers?
Which stage follows Trust vs. Mistrust in Erikson's theory for toddlers?
What may result from a caregiver being overly anxious about a toddler's explorations?
What may result from a caregiver being overly anxious about a toddler's explorations?
How does temperament generally change as a child grows up?
How does temperament generally change as a child grows up?
Which factor contributes to a child's resiliency in harsh circumstances?
Which factor contributes to a child's resiliency in harsh circumstances?
What is an essential component in establishing a healthy early development environment?
What is an essential component in establishing a healthy early development environment?
What role does exploration play in a toddler's development according to Erikson?
What role does exploration play in a toddler's development according to Erikson?
Which of the following is NOT considered a key aspect of healthy development for children?
Which of the following is NOT considered a key aspect of healthy development for children?
Why is early experience crucial for children's future development?
Why is early experience crucial for children's future development?
What is the typical age range when mothers in the United States stop breastfeeding?
What is the typical age range when mothers in the United States stop breastfeeding?
Aside from nutritional benefits, what is another potential advantage of breastfeeding?
Aside from nutritional benefits, what is another potential advantage of breastfeeding?
How does breastfeeding impact the development of low birth weight infants compared to normal-weight infants?
How does breastfeeding impact the development of low birth weight infants compared to normal-weight infants?
What did Harlow's research suggest about the mother-child bond?
What did Harlow's research suggest about the mother-child bond?
Why is iron-fortified infant cereal typically recommended as the first solid food?
Why is iron-fortified infant cereal typically recommended as the first solid food?
Which type of attachment is characterized by a child who is distressed at separation and happy upon reunion?
Which type of attachment is characterized by a child who is distressed at separation and happy upon reunion?
Which of the following scenarios are typically considered reasons why breastfeeding might not be possible or advisable?
Which of the following scenarios are typically considered reasons why breastfeeding might not be possible or advisable?
In Ainsworth's Strange Situation, what characterizes avoidant attachment?
In Ainsworth's Strange Situation, what characterizes avoidant attachment?
What two components did Bowlby suggest were necessary for healthy attachment?
What two components did Bowlby suggest were necessary for healthy attachment?
What is the main reason why mothers in the United States often stop breastfeeding before the recommended six months?
What is the main reason why mothers in the United States often stop breastfeeding before the recommended six months?
What is a defining feature of children with resistant attachment?
What is a defining feature of children with resistant attachment?
What is the recommended duration of breastfeeding?
What is the recommended duration of breastfeeding?
What is the primary reason why breastfeeding is considered a more economical choice compared to formula feeding?
What is the primary reason why breastfeeding is considered a more economical choice compared to formula feeding?
What behavior might a child with disorganized attachment exhibit?
What behavior might a child with disorganized attachment exhibit?
Why has Ainsworth's research on attachment been criticized?
Why has Ainsworth's research on attachment been criticized?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a potential benefit for mothers who breastfeed?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a potential benefit for mothers who breastfeed?
How does Bowlby define a 'secure base' in attachment?
How does Bowlby define a 'secure base' in attachment?
What is the American Academy of Pediatrics' recommendation regarding breastfeeding?
What is the American Academy of Pediatrics' recommendation regarding breastfeeding?
What characteristic behavior might children with avoidant attachment display?
What characteristic behavior might children with avoidant attachment display?
What is the recommended age for introducing solid foods to infants?
What is the recommended age for introducing solid foods to infants?
Which type of attachment is often associated with a neglectful or abusive caregiving environment?
Which type of attachment is often associated with a neglectful or abusive caregiving environment?
What is the typical first solid food introduced to infants?
What is the typical first solid food introduced to infants?
Which of the following is NOT a type of food that is generally recommended to be avoided when introducing solid foods to infants?
Which of the following is NOT a type of food that is generally recommended to be avoided when introducing solid foods to infants?
Which factor is critical for the development of secure attachment in children?
Which factor is critical for the development of secure attachment in children?
What is the first step in Ainsworth's Strange Situation procedure?
What is the first step in Ainsworth's Strange Situation procedure?
In which country are mothers more likely to breastfeed for longer periods compared to the United States?
In which country are mothers more likely to breastfeed for longer periods compared to the United States?
What outcome can result from a child's temperament according to some researchers?
What outcome can result from a child's temperament according to some researchers?
What is the primary reason for the difference in breastfeeding support and practices between the United States and Canada?
What is the primary reason for the difference in breastfeeding support and practices between the United States and Canada?
How do cultural differences affect attachment styles?
How do cultural differences affect attachment styles?
Which of these aspects is NOT typically considered a dimension of temperament according to Chess and Thomas?
Which of these aspects is NOT typically considered a dimension of temperament according to Chess and Thomas?
According to the provided information, how much of an infant's temperament is considered to be determined by genetic factors?
According to the provided information, how much of an infant's temperament is considered to be determined by genetic factors?
Which of these baby profiles has a tendency to react negatively to new situations and adapt slowly?
Which of these baby profiles has a tendency to react negatively to new situations and adapt slowly?
In the context of temperament, what is meant by the term "goodness of fit"?
In the context of temperament, what is meant by the term "goodness of fit"?
Based on the information presented, which of the following could be considered a potential consequence of a mismatch between a child's temperament and their environment?
Based on the information presented, which of the following could be considered a potential consequence of a mismatch between a child's temperament and their environment?
What is a significant aspect of temperament that is NOT directly mentioned in the text, but is crucial for understanding its impact on a child's development?
What is a significant aspect of temperament that is NOT directly mentioned in the text, but is crucial for understanding its impact on a child's development?
Among the four categories of temperament profiles mentioned in the text, which one accounts for the highest percentage of infants?
Among the four categories of temperament profiles mentioned in the text, which one accounts for the highest percentage of infants?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between Ainsworth's original attachment schema and the newer classification discussed in the text?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between Ainsworth's original attachment schema and the newer classification discussed in the text?
Regarding the statement "No single type of temperament is invariably good or bad", which of the following is the most accurate interpretation?
Regarding the statement "No single type of temperament is invariably good or bad", which of the following is the most accurate interpretation?
Based on the provided information, what is the most likely outcome for a child who is considered "difficult" AND has caregivers who are depressed or anxious?
Based on the provided information, what is the most likely outcome for a child who is considered "difficult" AND has caregivers who are depressed or anxious?
Which of these is the most important factor, according to the text, in helping children adapt to their environment and develop positively?
Which of these is the most important factor, according to the text, in helping children adapt to their environment and develop positively?
Which of these temperament profiles is described as inactive with generally negative moods and slow adaptation to new situations?
Which of these temperament profiles is described as inactive with generally negative moods and slow adaptation to new situations?
Which of the following approaches is most likely to be effective in working with a "feisty" or "difficult" child?
Which of the following approaches is most likely to be effective in working with a "feisty" or "difficult" child?
Which of these is the most suitable definition for temperament as described within the content?
Which of these is the most suitable definition for temperament as described within the content?
In the context of the passage, what is the implication of the statement "For every trait, nature and nurture interact"?
In the context of the passage, what is the implication of the statement "For every trait, nature and nurture interact"?
What is the primary message conveyed regarding the importance of temperament in the context of child development?
What is the primary message conveyed regarding the importance of temperament in the context of child development?
Flashcards
Average Newborn Weight
Average Newborn Weight
The typical weight of a newborn baby.
Healthy Birth Weight Range
Healthy Birth Weight Range
The range of weight considered healthy for a full-term baby.
Average Length at 12 Months
Average Length at 12 Months
How much a baby usually grows in length by their first birthday.
Average Length at 2 Years
Average Length at 2 Years
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Physical Growth
Physical Growth
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Gross Motor Skills
Gross Motor Skills
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Fine Motor Skills
Fine Motor Skills
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Infant Reflexes
Infant Reflexes
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Bed-sharing
Bed-sharing
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SIDS
SIDS
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AAP
AAP
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Back to sleep
Back to sleep
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Firm sleep surface
Firm sleep surface
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SIDS risk factors
SIDS risk factors
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Room-sharing
Room-sharing
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Skin-to-skin care
Skin-to-skin care
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Avoidable substances for babies
Avoidable substances for babies
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Herd Immunity
Herd Immunity
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Vaccine
Vaccine
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Colostrum
Colostrum
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Infant Weight Gains in the First Year
Infant Weight Gains in the First Year
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Myelination
Myelination
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Weight Changes from Birth to Age 2
Weight Changes from Birth to Age 2
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Malnutrition
Malnutrition
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Head Size Proportion at Birth
Head Size Proportion at Birth
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Infant feeding
Infant feeding
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Body Proportions at Birth
Body Proportions at Birth
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Development of Motor Skills in Infants
Development of Motor Skills in Infants
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Brain Growth in the First Two Years
Brain Growth in the First Two Years
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Transient Exuberance in Brain Development
Transient Exuberance in Brain Development
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Myelin Development
Myelin Development
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Prefrontal Cortex Development
Prefrontal Cortex Development
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Synaptic Pruning
Synaptic Pruning
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Weight Percentile
Weight Percentile
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Failure to Thrive
Failure to Thrive
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Monitoring Physical Growth in Infants
Monitoring Physical Growth in Infants
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Meta-analysis
Meta-analysis
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IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
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Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding
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Formula feeding
Formula feeding
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Exclusive breastfeeding/formula feeding
Exclusive breastfeeding/formula feeding
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Breast Milk
Breast Milk
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Formula
Formula
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Breast Milk Expression
Breast Milk Expression
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Introducing Solid Foods
Introducing Solid Foods
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Gastrointestinal Tract Maturation
Gastrointestinal Tract Maturation
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Tooth Development
Tooth Development
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Exclusive Breastfeeding/Formula Feeding Recommendation
Exclusive Breastfeeding/Formula Feeding Recommendation
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Solid Food Introduction Starting Age
Solid Food Introduction Starting Age
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First Solid Food
First Solid Food
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Attachment Issues
Attachment Issues
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REM Sleep
REM Sleep
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Non-REM Sleep
Non-REM Sleep
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Sleep Cycle
Sleep Cycle
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Infant Sleep Cycle
Infant Sleep Cycle
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SIDS (Cause)
SIDS (Cause)
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Co-Sleeping
Co-Sleeping
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Parental Sleep Loss
Parental Sleep Loss
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Independent Sleep
Independent Sleep
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Developmental Sleep Changes
Developmental Sleep Changes
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Recommended Sleep Hours
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Nighttime Waking
Nighttime Waking
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Milk Anemia
Milk Anemia
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Assimilation (Piaget)
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Accommodation (Piaget)
Accommodation (Piaget)
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Sensorimotor Intelligence (Piaget)
Sensorimotor Intelligence (Piaget)
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Schemas (Piaget)
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Cognitive Equilibrium (Piaget)
Cognitive Equilibrium (Piaget)
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Marasmus
Marasmus
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Kwashiorkor
Kwashiorkor
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Cognition
Cognition
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Cognitive Development
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Introducing Foods One at a Time
Introducing Foods One at a Time
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Toddler Picky Eating
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WHO Breastfeeding Recommendations
WHO Breastfeeding Recommendations
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Malnutrition in Developing Countries
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Promoting Breastfeeding in Developing Countries
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Object Permanence
Object Permanence
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Mental Strategies
Mental Strategies
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Memory in Infants
Memory in Infants
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Language Acquisition
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Phonemes
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Newborn Vision
Newborn Vision
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Morphemes
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Newborn Eye Movement
Newborn Eye Movement
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Infant Visual Development
Infant Visual Development
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Sound Discrimination
Sound Discrimination
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Infant Depth Perception
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Reflexive Communication
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Newborn Hearing
Newborn Hearing
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Interest in Others
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Infant Touch
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Intentional Communication
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Infant Pain Sensitivity
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First Words
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Two-Word Sentences
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Newborn Taste
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Three-Word Sentences
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Newborn Smell
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Infant Sleep
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Complex Sentences and Conversations
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Biological Predisposition to Language
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Newborn Sleep Patterns
Newborn Sleep Patterns
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Newborn Sensory Abilities
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Vision Development in the Womb
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Deprivation and Development
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Circumcision and AAP Guidelines
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Reflexive Action (Substage One)
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First Adaptations (Substage Two)
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Repetition (Substage Three)
Repetition (Substage Three)
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Goal-Directed Behavior (Substage Four)
Goal-Directed Behavior (Substage Four)
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Active Experimentation (Substage Five)
Active Experimentation (Substage Five)
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Mental Representations (Substage Six)
Mental Representations (Substage Six)
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Primary Circular Reactions
Primary Circular Reactions
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Secondary Circular Reactions
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Tertiary Circular Reactions
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Sensorimotor Stage
Sensorimotor Stage
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Piaget's Sensorimotor Theory
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Symbolic Thought
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Prefrontal Cortex
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Social Learning
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What are newborn reflexes?
What are newborn reflexes?
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What is motor development?
What is motor development?
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What is cephalocaudal development?
What is cephalocaudal development?
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What is proximodistal development?
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What are gross motor skills?
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What are fine motor skills?
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What is the palmar grasp reflex?
What is the palmar grasp reflex?
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What is the moro reflex?
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What is the stepping reflex?
What is the stepping reflex?
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What is the babinski reflex?
What is the babinski reflex?
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What is perception?
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What is sensation?
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What is holding the head upright?
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What is moving objects from hand to hand?
What is moving objects from hand to hand?
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What is sitting without support?
What is sitting without support?
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Child-directed speech
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Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
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Reinforcement Theory of Language Development
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Social Pragmatics Theory of Language Development
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Social Smiling
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Stranger Wariness
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Separation Anxiety
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Cognitive Advances in Infancy
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Socioemotional Awareness
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Conceptualization using Words
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Imitation in Language Development
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Social Impulses Drive Language Development
Social Impulses Drive Language Development
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Memorization of Terms
Memorization of Terms
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Mastering Grammar
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Universal Drive to Join the Social World
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Phoneme Discrimination
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Cooing
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Babbling
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Receptive Language
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Holophrasic Speech
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Underextension
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Overextension
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Vocabulary Growth Spurt
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Telegraphic Speech
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Symbolic Representation
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Self-Awareness
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Rouge Test
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Philippe Rochat
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Stage 1: Differentiation
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Stage 2: Situation
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Stage 3: Identification
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Stage 4: Permanence
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Stage 5: Self-Consciousness
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Social Emotions
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Temperament in Development
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Self-Regulation
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Trust vs. Mistrust
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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
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Coping Strategies
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Sensitive Caregiving
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Resiliency
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Transient Exuberance
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Healthy Development
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Secure Base
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Secure Attachment
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Avoidant Attachment
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Resistant Attachment
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Disorganized Attachment
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Strange Situation Procedure
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Harlow's Monkey Study
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Attachment Theory
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Responsive Caregiving
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Mutually Enjoyable Interactions
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Cultural Influences on Attachment
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Impact of Secure Attachment on Development
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Temperament's Role in Attachment
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Dynamic Nature of Attachment
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Temperament
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New York Longitudinal Study
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Easy Baby
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Difficult Baby
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Slow-to-Warm-Up Baby
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Goodness-of-Fit
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Attachment Styles
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Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment (Type C)
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Cultural Variation in Attachment
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Q-Sort Technique
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Avoidant Attachment (Type A)
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Secure Attachment (Type B)
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Disorganized Attachment (Type D)
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Study Notes
Physical Growth in Infancy and Toddlerhood
- Newborn average weight: 7.5 pounds, healthy range 5 lbs 8 oz (2,500 grams) to 8 lbs 13 oz (4,000 grams)
- Newborn average length: 19.5 inches
- Weight loss in first few days: up to 5% of body weight
- 4 months: infants usually double their birth weight
- 1 year: infants typically triple their birth weight
- 2 years: infants often quadruple their birth weight
- 12 months (1 year): average length range 28.5-30.5 inches
- 24 months (2 years): average length range 33.2-35.4 inches
Body Proportions
- Newborn head accounts for approximately 25% of total body length
- Newborn head comprises about 50% of total length in prenatal development
- Adult head comprises about 15% of total body length
Brain Development
- Newborn brain is about 25% of adult weight
- 2 years: brain is about 75% adult weight
- 6 years: brain is about 95% adult weight
- 7 years: brain reaches 100% adult weight
- Dendrites (connections between neurons): proliferation in first two years, unused pathways eliminated
- Prefrontal cortex: matures throughout childhood, substantial growth spurt during adolescence, last part of the brain to fully mature, comprising 85% of brain weight
- Myelin: crucial for nerve impulse transmission, develops dramatically in first few years
Reflexes and Motor Skills
- Infant reflexes: automatic responses to stimuli for survival (breathing, body temperature maintenance, sucking, rooting) and other functions
- Reflex examples: babinski, stepping, palmar grasp, moro
- Reflexes transition to voluntary motor skills in first few weeks of life
- Motor development: from reflexive to more advanced skills in a cephalocaudal and proximodistal order
- Examples: holding head, sitting, crawling, pulling up, cruising, walking
- Gross motor skills: large muscle group movements (e.g., raising head, crawling, walking).
- Fine motor skills: smaller muscle movements (e.g., grasping, reaching, pincer grasp).
Nutrition and Feeding
- Breastfeeding is ideal for newborns due to colostrum's nutrients and breast milk's changing composition
- Solid foods introduced at around 6 months old
- Risks of malnutrition include marasmus (starvation) and kwashiorkor ("disease of the displaced child")
- Breast milk easier to digest, contains antibodies, and may contribute to better cognitive development in premature and full-term infants.
- Formula-fed infants experience more diarrhea/upset stomachs, higher risk of ear/respiratory infections.
Sleep Patterns
- Infants (0-2 years): average sleep 12.8 hours/day
- Newborns sleep approximately 14-17 hours/day in the first 3 months
- REM sleep: about half of an infant's sleep
- Nighttime waking: a common sleep concern for parents
- Safe sleep practices (e.g., back to sleep, no soft bedding) critical for reducing SUIDs.
Cognitive Development
- Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage: infants learn through senses and motor skills, six substages (reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination, tertiary circular reactions, mental representations)
- Object permanence: understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight, develops around 8 months
- Memory abilities in infants: improving with age, infants remember experiences for weeks/months
Language Development
- Language acquisition: a rapid process supported by biological predisposition ("language acquisition device") and social interaction.
- Stages of language development: from reflexive to holophrasic to two-word sentences.
- Holophrasic speech: single words conveying complex meanings (e.g., "ju" for juice)
- Child-directed speech (motherese) fosters language learning
Sensory Development
- Sensation: interaction of information with sensory receptors
- Perception: interpreting what is sensed.
- Vision: least developed sense at birth, gradually improving, preference for faces, depth perception developing at 2 months
- Hearing: very keen at birth, preference for human voices, ability to distinguish sounds at 1 month,
- Touch: acute from birth, critical for development, including pain
- Taste/Smell: newborns can distinguish flavors and scents
Emotional Development
- Key milestones: social smiling (2 months), laughter (3-5 months), fear/sadness/anger (6-8 months), stranger wariness, separation anxiety
- Self-awareness: emerges between 15-24 months (rouge test)
- Temperament differences: inborn traits influencing personality
- Co-regulation: caregiver and child modifying reactions mutually
Attachment
- Attachment theory: affectional bond with caregiver critical for emotional development, secure base for exploring
- Ainsworth's Strange Situation: assessing attachment styles (secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized)
Caregiving
- Caregiver's influence: responsive and sensitive caregiving crucial for emotional regulation, attachment, and overall development
- Temperament & parenting style: goodness-of-fit critical for healthy development
Immunizations and Health
- Prevention of communicable diseases: Immunizations, including herd immunity, critical during infancy's frequent exposure to various germs.
- Importance of breastfeeding: to establish critical nutrition and immune system protection for a newborn.
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