Infant Development Milestones Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the average weight range considered healthy for a full-term newborn?

  • 5 pounds, 0 ounces to 7 pounds, 0 ounces
  • 4 pounds, 8 ounces to 6 pounds, 13 ounces
  • 6 pounds, 0 ounces to 9 pounds, 0 ounces
  • 5 pounds, 8 ounces to 8 pounds, 13 ounces (correct)

At what length does the average newborn grow to by 12 months?

  • 29.5 inches (correct)
  • 32.5 inches
  • 24.5 inches
  • 27.5 inches

Which of the following best differentiates between gross and fine motor skills?

  • Gross motor skills are related to sensory abilities; fine motor skills are linked to emotional development.
  • Gross motor skills include crawling; fine motor skills include grasping objects. (correct)
  • Gross motor skills involve small movements; fine motor skills involve large movements.
  • Gross motor skills develop during toddlerhood; fine motor skills develop during infancy.

What is a significant concern associated with malnutrition in infancy?

<p>Conditions like marasmus and kwashiorkor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes Piaget's stages of sensorimotor intelligence?

<p>They emphasize sensory experiences and motor activities as critical for learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key milestone in emotional development during infancy?

<p>Emergence of self-awareness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes attachment styles and their implications?

<p>They influence social and emotional development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does caregiving impact emotional regulation in infants?

<p>Responsive caregiving aids in healthy emotional regulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of their body weight do infants typically lose in the first few days of life?

<p>5 percent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does an infant usually double its birth weight?

<p>4 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By what age has an infant's weight typically quadrupled from their birth weight?

<p>2 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average height of a child at 12 months old?

<p>28.5-30.5 inches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a baby’s growth commonly expressed at health check-ups?

<p>In percentiles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a baby moves from the 50th percentile to the 20th percentile, what could this indicate?

<p>Failure to thrive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At birth, the brain is approximately what percentage of its adult weight?

<p>25 percent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to neural connections during early childhood as a result of experience?

<p>40 percent of connections are lost (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain continues to grow and mature throughout childhood and into adolescence?

<p>Prefrontal cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is myelin's role in the brain's development?

<p>To insulate nerve cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is NOT considered vital for an infant's survival?

<p>Moro reflex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the first motor skills developed in infants?

<p>Reflex movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many neurons are estimated to be present at birth?

<p>100 to 200 billion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of a person's length does their head make up at birth?

<p>25 percent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reflex is characterized by the toes fanning upward when the feet are stroked?

<p>Babinski reflex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum distance a newborn can typically see clearly?

<p>8 to 16 inches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which direction does motor development progress?

<p>Cephalocaudal and proximal to distal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants start displaying preferences for patterns over solids?

<p>2 to 3 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can most infants typically start to hold their heads up?

<p>6 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What developmental milestone involves both coordination and muscle strength?

<p>Sitting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an infant generally respond to their mother's voice compared to a stranger's voice?

<p>They prefer the mother’s voice. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skills begins to develop first in infants?

<p>Gross motor skills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What response do newborns exhibit when experiencing pain?

<p>They cry and show cardiovascular responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When can infants begin to distinguish between sour, bitter, sweet, and salty flavors?

<p>At birth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action significantly enhances an infant's ability to control and manipulate objects?

<p>Developing a pincer grasp (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does an infant typically start to reach for objects intentionally?

<p>4 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What crucial role does touch play in infants' development?

<p>It helps bond with caregivers and impacts cognitive skills. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sensory ability develops at approximately 2 months of age?

<p>Binocular vision for depth perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By what age can most infants stand alone and begin to walk?

<p>12 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the interpretation of sensory information?

<p>Perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do infants demonstrate a preference for their mother's smell?

<p>They crawl towards her scent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age are most babies able to begin using two-word sentences?

<p>2 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long do infants typically sleep within the first three months of life?

<p>14 to 17 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible outcome if a baby does not hold up his head by 4 months?

<p>Delayed motor skills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the notable changes in an infant's visual ability by 6 months of age?

<p>Ability to perceive depth in pictures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions can infants perform as early as 8 weeks?

<p>Explore objects with feet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to infants' sensitivity to different languages as they grow older?

<p>They become less sensitive to sounds of unfamiliar languages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of touch on a newborn's emotional development?

<p>It builds trust and secure attachments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action describes the Moro reflex?

<p>Flinging arms out and bringing them to the chest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following developmental skills develops after gross motor skills?

<p>Fine motor skills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically begin to prefer complex visual stimuli over simple ones?

<p>2 to 3 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical sleep duration for infants aged 4-12 months?

<p>12-16 hours/day including naps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the highest risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) typically occur?

<p>4-6 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common risk factor for SIDS?

<p>Advanced maternal age (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Back to Sleep Campaign impact SIDS mortality rates?

<p>It reduced mortality rates to less than one-fourth of previous levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically start eating solid foods?

<p>4 to 6 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is described as a lack of iron due to excessive milk consumption?

<p>Iron deficiency anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sleep pattern do infants typically demonstrate compared to adults?

<p>Faster movement through the sleep cycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of infants slept at least six hours during the night by six months of age?

<p>62% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is specifically mentioned as impeding the absorption of iron?

<p>Calcium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of SUID has the highest incidence rate among infants less than one year old?

<p>Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the World Health Organization's recommendation for breastfeeding duration?

<p>Up to two years or beyond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common parental concern regarding infant sleep?

<p>Nighttime waking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to children who have diets deficient in protein after weaning?

<p>Kwashiorkor occurs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical nap pattern for infants aged 9-18 months?

<p>Two naps a day (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called that helps infants organize new information into an existing schema?

<p>Assimilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is not associated with accidental suffocation during sleep?

<p>Side sleeping position (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term does Piaget use to describe the first stage of cognitive development?

<p>Sensorimotor intelligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant risk for children in developing countries regarding nutrition?

<p>Malnutrition due to inadequate calories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend occurs in sleep needs as children grow older from infancy to teens?

<p>Decreasing sleep hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about co-sleeping practices?

<p>It varies by age and culture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which children modify their existing schemas to include new information?

<p>Accommodation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior can lead to toddlers developing milk anemia?

<p>Consuming milk as a primary nutrition source (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of infants were still not sleeping at least six uninterrupted hours at 12 months of age?

<p>28% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurs in infant sleep habits around the age of 18 months?

<p>Moving towards one daily nap (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age range is particularly noted for the increasing prevalence of iron deficiency anemia?

<p>1 to 3 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the practice of breastfeeding exclusively for the first six months?

<p>Exclusive breastfeeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental course do theorists studying cognitive development generally address?

<p>Mechanisms of cognitive development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics for reducing the risk of SIDS?

<p>Infants should always be placed on their back to sleep. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of malnutrition during infancy?

<p>It can result in cognitive and social consequences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does sharing a bedroom, but not a sleeping surface, benefit infants?

<p>It decreases the risk of SIDS by up to 50 percent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is NOT recommended for avoiding exposure to infants in relation to SIDS risk?

<p>Breast milk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is herd immunity?

<p>A phenomenon where a high percentage of vaccinations in a community stops disease transmission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is colostrum referred to as 'liquid gold'?

<p>It is rich in essential nutrients and immune-building substances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways does breast milk adapt to meet an infant's needs?

<p>It changes in composition as the infant develops. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the California regulations change regarding vaccinations?

<p>Children can only be unvaccinated for valid medical reasons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does breastfeeding play in infant health, according to recent recommendations?

<p>It helps build a stronger immune system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following consists of safe sleeping recommendations for infants?

<p>A bare crib is advised with no loose items. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of not vaccinating infants?

<p>Preventable illnesses may return to the community. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which time frame is breastfeeding especially recommended for infants?

<p>For the first six months of life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of parental smoking in relation to SIDS?

<p>It significantly increases SIDS risks when combined with bed-sharing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant mental strategy did the child employ when unable to turn the doorknob?

<p>Knocking on the door (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What essential nutrient does breast milk provide that is more easily absorbed than in supplements?

<p>Iron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically first demonstrate an understanding of object permanence?

<p>8 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, why might Piaget have underestimated memory abilities in infants?

<p>Infants often display complex memories earlier than he suggested (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of communication do babies engage in from 0 to 3 months?

<p>Reflexive communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory proposes that language is learned through reinforcement?

<p>Behaviorist Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is essential for the cognitive development of infants, allowing them to understand that objects continue to exist out of sight?

<p>Object permanence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage do toddlers start to enjoy games like hide-and-seek due to their understanding of object permanence?

<p>12–24 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ability develops in infants around 9 months of age, including language recognition?

<p>Complex memories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Critical Period Hypothesis relate to in terms of language acquisition?

<p>Language learning is easier in early childhood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage do children typically begin to form simple sentences of two words?

<p>18–24 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is important for infants to improve their memory over time?

<p>Brain maturation and repeated sensations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ability do babies lack that limits their capacity to form complex memories?

<p>Linguistic skills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of memory development is acknowledged to improve with age in infants?

<p>Fragility of memory decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ability do infants exhibit early on that allows them to differentiate between sounds?

<p>Discriminating phonemes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range for the Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions stage?

<p>8 months to 12 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which substage do infants primarily engage in reflexive actions?

<p>Reflexes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be expected during the Tertiary Circular Reactions stage?

<p>Infants experiment actively with objects and actions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Second Adaptations to the Environment substage?

<p>Voluntary movements start and replace reflexes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is demonstrated when infants use their reflexes more deliberately?

<p>Sensorimotor intelligence begins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage does an infant typically begin to understand the concept of object permanence?

<p>Stage 4: Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant development occurs during the Mental Representation substage?

<p>The ability to engage in pretend play is developed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reactions are characteristic of the Secondary Circular Reactions?

<p>Reactions that involve interaction with objects and people. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage involves infants being considered 'little scientists'?

<p>Stage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which substage do infants first begin to engage in goal-directed behavior?

<p>Stage 4: Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of learning primarily occurs during the Active Experimentation substage?

<p>Learning through trial and error. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the Reflexes substage?

<p>Basic reflexes are the foundation of thought. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions stage?

<p>Infants engage in purposeful interactions with others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the infant learn during the first month of reflexive actions?

<p>To adapt reflexes to different stimuli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of communication for newborns before they develop language?

<p>Body posture and crying (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants typically start vocalizing and practicing cooing?

<p>2 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the one-word expressions used by children around 12 to 13 months of age?

<p>Holophrastic speech (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is underextension in language development?

<p>Applying a word to only one specific object (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characterizes the early vocabulary of English-speaking children?

<p>Mostly nouns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do toddlers typically express themselves by 18 months old?

<p>Two-word phrases and telegraphic speech (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is usually the content of the vocabulary growth spurt termed the naming explosion for one-year-olds?

<p>Nouns referring to people, places, or things (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do adults often use 'baby talk' when communicating with infants?

<p>To emphasize words and engage the baby (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age can infants typically understand more than they can say?

<p>10 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the sounds infants babble as they become accustomed to a particular language?

<p>They will eventually be discarded (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of speech refers to toddlers using short phrases without grammatical correctness?

<p>Telegraphic speech (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children begin producing recognizable babbling sounds?

<p>6 to 9 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant difference between language acquisition in English-speaking children and Chinese children?

<p>Chinese children may learn more verbs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of language typically increases significantly in children during the vocabulary growth spurt?

<p>Number of nouns in their vocabulary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of child-directed speech or motherese?

<p>To clearly articulate sounds to enhance language learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that infants are naturally equipped to learn language?

<p>Nativism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does B.F. Skinner's theory of language development emphasize?

<p>Language development requires reinforcement and teaching (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants often begin to exhibit social smiling?

<p>Around two months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does stranger wariness indicate in infants?

<p>Increased cognitive development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does separation anxiety occur in infants?

<p>Their cognitive development allows them to question caregiver presence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is primarily associated with the theory of social pragmatics in language acquisition?

<p>The need for social communication and interaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is jealousy believed to first manifest in infants?

<p>Around six months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the language acquisition device (LAD) play according to Chomsky's theory?

<p>It enables the rapid learning of grammatical rules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do infants typically respond to unpleasant stimulation?

<p>By withdrawing or showing fear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the primary difference between Chomsky's theory and Skinner's theory of language acquisition?

<p>Chomsky argues infants learn language naturally, Skinner argues they need to be taught (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors is an indication of increased emotional complexity in infants?

<p>Fear of strangers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically occurs as infants' memory develops?

<p>They improve their ability to distinguish familiar from unknown individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the reliance of infants on their caregivers for emotional regulation?

<p>Co-regulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do infants begin to intentionally avert their gaze to engage in self-regulation?

<p>4 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Rouge Test in assessing infants' self-awareness?

<p>Recognition of self in a mirror (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of self-awareness is characterized by the ability to identify oneself in a mirror?

<p>Identification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavioral strategy is commonly used by caregivers to help regulate an infant's emotions?

<p>Sensory input (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological development occurs as children begin forming relationships and managing their feelings?

<p>Psychosocial development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to developmental psychologists, which factors are essential in forming healthy attachments during infancy?

<p>Consistent caregiver interaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of self-awareness does a child begin understanding social emotions like guilt and empathy?

<p>Self-consciousness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the idea behind the developmental theory posited by Philippe Rochat regarding self-awareness?

<p>Self-awareness occurs in distinct stages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do caregivers influence a child's emotional regulation abilities as they grow?

<p>By labeling emotions and modeling strategies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of emotional development is reflected in the process of separation anxiety?

<p>Growing emotional connections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key function does emotional regulation serve for infants relying on their caregivers?

<p>Shifts attention away from discomfort (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between infant emotional development and parenting styles?

<p>Supportive parenting fosters better emotional regulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary need must infants rely on caregivers to fulfill during the first year of life?

<p>Basic physical needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'emotions as regulating' refer to in the context of emotional development?

<p>Emotions influencing caregiver responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely outcome for a child if a caregiver consistently meets their needs?

<p>Sense of trust (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage follows Trust vs. Mistrust in Erikson's theory for toddlers?

<p>Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may result from a caregiver being overly anxious about a toddler's explorations?

<p>Sense of shame and doubt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does temperament generally change as a child grows up?

<p>It remains largely unchanged (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to a child's resiliency in harsh circumstances?

<p>Support from others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential component in establishing a healthy early development environment?

<p>Consistent engagement and care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does exploration play in a toddler's development according to Erikson?

<p>It fosters independence and confidence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a key aspect of healthy development for children?

<p>Controlled exposure to risk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is early experience crucial for children's future development?

<p>It shapes physical and emotional growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical age range when mothers in the United States stop breastfeeding?

<p>6-8 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aside from nutritional benefits, what is another potential advantage of breastfeeding?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does breastfeeding impact the development of low birth weight infants compared to normal-weight infants?

<p>Low birth weight infants show a larger difference in IQ compared to formula-fed infants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Harlow's research suggest about the mother-child bond?

<p>It is influenced by comfort and security. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is iron-fortified infant cereal typically recommended as the first solid food?

<p>It is rich in iron, a nutrient important for infant development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attachment is characterized by a child who is distressed at separation and happy upon reunion?

<p>Secure attachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios are typically considered reasons why breastfeeding might not be possible or advisable?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Ainsworth's Strange Situation, what characterizes avoidant attachment?

<p>The child shows little response to the parent leaving or returning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two components did Bowlby suggest were necessary for healthy attachment?

<p>Responsiveness to needs and enjoyable interactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why mothers in the United States often stop breastfeeding before the recommended six months?

<p>Returning to work outside the home. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of children with resistant attachment?

<p>They show clinginess but reject caregiver comfort attempts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration of breastfeeding?

<p>Throughout the first year. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why breastfeeding is considered a more economical choice compared to formula feeding?

<p>Breast milk is free. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior might a child with disorganized attachment exhibit?

<p>Erratic movements or freezing upon reunion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why has Ainsworth's research on attachment been criticized?

<p>It does not account for cultural variations in attachment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a potential benefit for mothers who breastfeed?

<p>Increased fertility and shorter time between pregnancies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Bowlby define a 'secure base' in attachment?

<p>A parental presence that allows exploration and provides safety. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the American Academy of Pediatrics' recommendation regarding breastfeeding?

<p>Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic behavior might children with avoidant attachment display?

<p>Indifference to the parent's presence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended age for introducing solid foods to infants?

<p>Around six to seven months. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attachment is often associated with a neglectful or abusive caregiving environment?

<p>Disorganized attachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical first solid food introduced to infants?

<p>Iron-fortified infant cereal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of food that is generally recommended to be avoided when introducing solid foods to infants?

<p>Oatmeal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is critical for the development of secure attachment in children?

<p>The caregiver must be responsive to the child's needs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in Ainsworth's Strange Situation procedure?

<p>The caregiver and child explore toys together. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which country are mothers more likely to breastfeed for longer periods compared to the United States?

<p>Canada. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome can result from a child's temperament according to some researchers?

<p>It can strongly influence attachment and relationships. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the difference in breastfeeding support and practices between the United States and Canada?

<p>Differences in public policy and social support. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cultural differences affect attachment styles?

<p>Different cultures value different aspects of parent-child relationships. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these aspects is NOT typically considered a dimension of temperament according to Chess and Thomas?

<p>Social Responsiveness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, how much of an infant's temperament is considered to be determined by genetic factors?

<p>The majority of temperament is genetic, but environmental factors still play a role. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these baby profiles has a tendency to react negatively to new situations and adapt slowly?

<p>Slow-to-warm babies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of temperament, what is meant by the term "goodness of fit"?

<p>The degree to which a child's temperament is aligned with the expectations and demands of their environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information presented, which of the following could be considered a potential consequence of a mismatch between a child's temperament and their environment?

<p>Increased risk of developing emotional problems, especially if caregivers are stressed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant aspect of temperament that is NOT directly mentioned in the text, but is crucial for understanding its impact on a child's development?

<p>The child's personality, which is shaped by interactions with temperament. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Among the four categories of temperament profiles mentioned in the text, which one accounts for the highest percentage of infants?

<p>Easy babies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between Ainsworth's original attachment schema and the newer classification discussed in the text?

<p>Later research added a fourth attachment type (D) to Ainsworth's original schema. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regarding the statement "No single type of temperament is invariably good or bad", which of the following is the most accurate interpretation?

<p>The impact of a specific temperament depends on the environment and how caregivers respond to it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided information, what is the most likely outcome for a child who is considered "difficult" AND has caregivers who are depressed or anxious?

<p>The child is at higher risk of developing emotional problems due to the combined factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the most important factor, according to the text, in helping children adapt to their environment and develop positively?

<p>The caregivers' understanding and response to the child's temperament. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these temperament profiles is described as inactive with generally negative moods and slow adaptation to new situations?

<p>Slow-to-warm babies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches is most likely to be effective in working with a "feisty" or "difficult" child?

<p>Giving them time to expend their energy and using extra patience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the most suitable definition for temperament as described within the content?

<p>A child's emotional disposition, influenced by both genetics and environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the passage, what is the implication of the statement "For every trait, nature and nurture interact"?

<p>Both genetic predisposition and environmental influences play a role in shaping a child's traits. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary message conveyed regarding the importance of temperament in the context of child development?

<p>Understanding a child's temperament is essential for effective parenting and caregiving. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Average Newborn Weight

The typical weight of a newborn baby.

Healthy Birth Weight Range

The range of weight considered healthy for a full-term baby.

Average Length at 12 Months

How much a baby usually grows in length by their first birthday.

Average Length at 2 Years

How much a baby usually grows in length by their second birthday.

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Physical Growth

The process of increasing in size and weight.

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Gross Motor Skills

Development of skills that involve large muscle movements.

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Fine Motor Skills

Development of skills that involve small muscle movements.

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Infant Reflexes

Automatic movements that babies are born with.

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Bed-sharing

Sleeping in the same bed as your baby.

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SIDS

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, the unexplained death of an infant under one year of age.

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AAP

The American Academy of Pediatrics, a professional organization of pediatricians.

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Back to sleep

A safe sleep practice where the baby is placed on their back for every nap and sleep.

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Firm sleep surface

A firm, flat surface for a baby to sleep on, such as a crib or bassinet.

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SIDS risk factors

A combination of factors that increase the risk of SIDS, including bed-sharing, parental smoking, and maternal alcohol and drug use.

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Room-sharing

The practice of sharing a room with your baby, but not the same sleeping surface.

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Skin-to-skin care

The act of providing the baby with physical contact, such as holding or cuddling, which has been shown to benefit newborns.

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Avoidable substances for babies

Substances that can harm a baby, including smoke, alcohol, and illicit drugs.

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Herd Immunity

A type of immunity that occurs when a high percentage of the population is vaccinated, protecting those who cannot be vaccinated.

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Vaccine

A substance that helps protect against diseases by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies.

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Colostrum

The first milk produced after childbirth, rich in nutrients and antibodies.

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Infant Weight Gains in the First Year

The average weight gain for infants during the first year is substantial - they typically double their birth weight by 4 months and triple it by 1 year.

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Myelination

The process of insulating nerve cells with a fatty myelin sheath, crucial for brain development.

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Weight Changes from Birth to Age 2

From birth to 4 months, an infant's weight typically doubles. By one year old, their weight triples, and by age 2, it quadruples.

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Malnutrition

A lack of proper nutrition, which can affect an infant's physical, cognitive, and social development.

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Head Size Proportion at Birth

A baby's head is proportionally larger at birth than an adult's. It makes up about 25% of the body length at birth, compared to 15% in adulthood.

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Infant feeding

The process of feeding an infant with breast milk or formula.

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Body Proportions at Birth

The head of a newborn makes up about 25% of their body length, compared to 15% in an adult. This means that a baby's head is proportionally larger than an adult's.

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Development of Motor Skills in Infants

The ability to control movements develops gradually in infants, starting with reflexes that are present from birth.

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Brain Growth in the First Two Years

The brain's weight increases dramatically in the first two years, reaching about 75% of its adult size by age 2.

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Transient Exuberance in Brain Development

Connections between neurons (dendrites) grow rapidly during the first two years of life, forming a dense network of connections. This process is called 'transient exuberance'.

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Myelin Development

Myelin is a fatty coating around nerve cells that helps speed up communication between neurons. Myelin development is important for motor control and cognitive processes.

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Prefrontal Cortex Development

The prefrontal cortex, located behind the forehead, is the last part of the brain to mature and plays a role in planning, decision-making, and regulating emotions.

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Synaptic Pruning

The process of brain development involves strengthening used neural connections and eliminating unused ones, making the remaining connections stronger. This is like pruning a garden, removing unnecessary parts to enhance growth.

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Weight Percentile

A baby's weight at a specific percentile indicates how their weight compares to other babies of the same age. For example, a baby at the 40th percentile weighs more than 40% of babies their age.

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Failure to Thrive

Failure to thrive is a condition where a baby's weight gain is significantly below average. It can be caused by various health concerns or environmental factors.

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Monitoring Physical Growth in Infants

Monitoring a baby's growth is essential to ensure their health and development. Pediatricians track weight, length, and other measurements to identify any potential issues early on.

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Meta-analysis

A study that combines the results of multiple individual studies to produce a more powerful and generalizable conclusion.

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IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

A measure of intelligence that takes into account a person's cognitive abilities.

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Breastfeeding

The process of feeding a baby with breast milk directly from the mother's breast.

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Formula feeding

The process of feeding a baby with a bottle containing formula milk instead of breast milk.

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Exclusive breastfeeding/formula feeding

The period of time during which infants are exclusively fed with either breast milk or formula.

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Breast Milk

A type of milk produced by mothers after childbirth, containing antibodies and nutrients beneficial for the baby's growth.

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Formula

A manufactured substitute for breast milk, providing nutrition for babies.

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Breast Milk Expression

The practice of expressing and storing breast milk for later consumption by the baby.

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Introducing Solid Foods

The introduction of solid foods to an infant's diet alongside breast milk or formula.

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Gastrointestinal Tract Maturation

The ability of the intestines to break down and absorb nutrients from food.

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Tooth Development

The emergence of teeth in infants, allowing them to chew solid foods.

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Exclusive Breastfeeding/Formula Feeding Recommendation

A dietary recommendation to feed infants exclusively with breast milk or formula until six months of age.

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Solid Food Introduction Starting Age

The time when an infant is introduced to solid foods alongside breast milk or formula.

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First Solid Food

The first common solid food introduced to infants due to its high iron content.

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Attachment Issues

A condition where infants rely on their mothers for comfort and emotional security.

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REM Sleep

A sleep stage characterized by rapid eye movements, dreaming, and brain activity similar to wakefulness.

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Non-REM Sleep

A sleep stage where the body rests and repairs itself, characterized by slow brain waves and reduced muscle activity.

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Sleep Cycle

The recurring cycle of sleep stages (REM and non-REM) that humans experience throughout the night.

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Infant Sleep Cycle

A sleep pattern where an infant begins their sleep cycle with REM sleep rather than non-REM sleep.

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SIDS (Cause)

The leading cause of death in infants up to 12 months old, often linked to abnormal brain stem functioning.

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Co-Sleeping

The practice of an infant sleeping in the same room as a parent.

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Parental Sleep Loss

A decline in sleep quality and quantity for parents, particularly during the first three months after a baby's arrival.

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Independent Sleep

The practice of placing an infant to sleep in their own crib or bassinet, separate from the parents' bed.

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Developmental Sleep Changes

Rapid changes in an infant's sleep habits due to periods of rapid weight gain or development milestones like crawling or walking.

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Recommended Sleep Hours

The average sleep duration recommended for infants at various ages, ranging from 12-16 hours for infants to 7-8 hours for adults.

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Nighttime Waking

The common occurrence of infants waking up during the night, frequently reported by parents.

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Milk Anemia

A condition where excessive milk consumption leads to iron deficiency in toddlers.

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Assimilation (Piaget)

The process of incorporating new information into existing knowledge structures.

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Accommodation (Piaget)

The process of modifying existing knowledge structures to accommodate new information.

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Sensorimotor Intelligence (Piaget)

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, where infants learn through senses and motor skills.

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Schemas (Piaget)

Organized knowledge structures that help us understand the world.

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Cognitive Equilibrium (Piaget)

A state of balance between what we see and what we know.

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Marasmus

A type of malnutrition caused by severe calorie and protein deficiency in infants, leading to weight loss.

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Kwashiorkor

A type of malnutrition characterized by edema, lethargy, and skin problems, often occurring after weaning.

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Cognition

The ability to adapt to and transform the environment.

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Cognitive Development

The study of how children's thinking and understanding develop.

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Introducing Foods One at a Time

The practice of introducing solid foods one at a time to identify potential food allergies.

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Toddler Picky Eating

The tendency of toddlers to be picky eaters.

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WHO Breastfeeding Recommendations

The World Health Organization's recommendation for breastfeeding.

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Malnutrition in Developing Countries

Malnutrition due to lack of calories and protein in developing countries.

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Promoting Breastfeeding in Developing Countries

Encouraging mothers to breastfeed instead of using formula in developing countries.

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Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.

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Mental Strategies

The ability to use mental strategies to solve problems.

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Memory in Infants

The ability to recall past experiences and use them to understand the present.

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Language Acquisition

The process of acquiring and mastering language.

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Phonemes

The sounds that make up a language.

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Newborn Vision

The ability of newborns to see is limited, primarily noticing contrasts more than colors, and having difficulty focusing on moving objects. They can see about 8-16 inches away from their faces.

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Morphemes

The smallest unit of meaning in a language.

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Newborn Eye Movement

Although newborns can see, their vision is less developed than other senses. They'll typically fixate on the chin or other less detailed parts of faces.

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Infant Visual Development

By 2-3 months, infants become more adept at visual exploration, showing a preference for unusual images, patterns over solids, faces over patterns, and 3D objects over flat images.

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Sound Discrimination

The ability to distinguish between different sounds.

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Infant Depth Perception

Infants can sense depth as binocular vision develops around 2 months. By 6 months, they start perceiving depth in pictures.

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Reflexive Communication

The stage where infants communicate primarily through reflexes and bodily actions.

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Newborn Hearing

Newborns possess a keen sense of hearing, developed even before birth. They can distinguish between similar sounds and recognize familiar voices.

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Interest in Others

The stage where infants become more interested in others and start using basic gestures and vocalizations.

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Infant Touch

Infants are sensitive to touch from birth, responding with crying and cardiovascular responses to pain. Touch is essential for development of physical abilities, language skills, cognitive skills, and socio-emotional competency.

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Intentional Communication

The stage where infants start communicating intentionally with gestures, facial expressions, and sounds.

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Infant Pain Sensitivity

Newborns are sensitive to touch and temperature, and are also sensitive to pain, responding with crying and cardiovascular responses.

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First Words

The stage where infants start to say their first words.

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Two-Word Sentences

The stage where infants start to combine two words together to form simple sentences.

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Newborn Taste

Newborns can distinguish between sour, bitter, sweet, and salty flavors and show a preference for sweet flavors.

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Three-Word Sentences

The stage where infants start to use more complex sentences with three or more words.

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Newborn Smell

Newborns can distinguish between their mother's scent and others, preferring their mother's smell. This preference is important for bonding and comfort.

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Infant Sleep

Infants between 0 and 2 years old sleep an average of 12.8 hours a day, with this amount changing gradually throughout infancy.

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Complex Sentences and Conversations

The stage where children learn to have conversations and use increasingly complex sentences.

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Biological Predisposition to Language

The idea that language acquisition is biologically determined.

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Newborn Sleep Patterns

In the first three months, newborns sleep between 14 and 17 hours a day, becoming increasingly alert for longer periods as they grow.

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Newborn Sensory Abilities

Newborns' sensory abilities are significant, but their senses are not yet fully developed. Their innate preferences facilitate interaction with caregivers and other humans.

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Vision Development in the Womb

The womb is a dark environment without visual stimulation, making vision the least developed sense at birth.

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Deprivation and Development

Some children raised in orphanages with limited care and touch were found to be developmentally delayed, highlighting the importance of physical interaction and stimulation for healthy development.

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Circumcision and AAP Guidelines

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) advises parents to consider the medical benefits and risks of circumcision. They recommend discussing with a doctor to determine what's best for the child.

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Reflexive Action (Substage One)

The first stage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage, where infants learn through reflexes like sucking, grasping, and looking.

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First Adaptations (Substage Two)

The second stage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage, where infants start to repeat actions that bring pleasure, centered on their own bodies.

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Repetition (Substage Three)

The third stage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage, where infants become more interested in interacting with objects and people.

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Goal-Directed Behavior (Substage Four)

The fourth stage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage, where infants develop goal-directed behavior and understand object permanence.

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Active Experimentation (Substage Five)

The fifth stage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage, where toddlers actively experiment with the world through trial and error.

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Mental Representations (Substage Six)

The final stage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage, where toddlers develop mental representations and use symbols to represent objects.

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Primary Circular Reactions

Infants' responses to their own bodies, focusing on actions like sucking and grasping.

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Secondary Circular Reactions

Infants' responses to objects and people, seeking to interact and explore the world.

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Tertiary Circular Reactions

Infants' actions and ideas become more creative and deliberate.

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Sensorimotor Stage

The stage of cognitive development where infants learn through sensory experiences and motor activities.

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Piaget's Sensorimotor Theory

Piaget's theory of cognitive development that describes how infants learn through interacting with their environment.

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Symbolic Thought

Infants' ability to use mental symbols to represent objects and ideas.

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Prefrontal Cortex

The part of the brain responsible for planning, organizing, and controlling behavior.

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Social Learning

Learning by observing, imitating, and interacting with others.

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What are newborn reflexes?

Reflexes are involuntary responses to stimuli present at birth, aiding in the infant's survival and revealing neurological well-being.

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What is motor development?

The ability to control and use the muscles of the body, enabling movement and action. It evolves progressively from basic reflexes to more complex skills.

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What is cephalocaudal development?

Motor development advances in a sequential pattern, starting from the head and moving downward.

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What is proximodistal development?

Motor development proceeds from the center of the body outward, with control developing in the core muscles before the limbs.

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What are gross motor skills?

Gross motor skills involve the use of large muscle groups, enabling whole-body movements.

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What are fine motor skills?

Fine motor skills involve the use of small muscle groups, enabling precise and coordinated movements of the hands and fingers.

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What is the palmar grasp reflex?

The palmar grasp reflex involves the infant tightly clasping any object placed in their palm, a sign of their developing grasp.

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What is the moro reflex?

The moro reflex involves the infant flinging their arms outward and then bringing them to their chest when startled, a protective response.

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What is the stepping reflex?

The stepping reflex involves infants moving their legs as if to walk when their feet touch a flat surface.

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What is the babinski reflex?

The babinski reflex involves the infant's toes fanning upward when the sole of their foot is stroked.

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What is perception?

The process of interpreting sensory information, giving meaning and understanding to what is sensed.

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What is sensation?

The interaction of information with the sensory receptors, such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin.

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What is holding the head upright?

An example of a developmental milestone, occurring around 6 weeks old when infants gain neck control.

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What is moving objects from hand to hand?

A crucial developmental milestone, occurring around 6 months, enabling the infant to shift objects between hands.

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What is sitting without support?

A developmental milestone that demonstrates improved balance and coordination, typically achieved between 5 and 9 months.

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Child-directed speech

A type of speech used by adults when talking to babies, characterized by exaggerated sounds, high pitch, and expressive facial expressions.

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Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

The idea that infants are born with a pre-programmed ability to learn language.

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Reinforcement Theory of Language Development

The theory that language is learned through reinforcement, such as praise or attention.

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Social Pragmatics Theory of Language Development

The theory that infants learn language through social interaction and a need to communicate.

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Social Smiling

The natural tendency for infants to smile in response to positive attention.

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Stranger Wariness

The fear infants exhibit towards strangers.

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Separation Anxiety

The distress infants experience when separated from their caregivers.

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Cognitive Advances in Infancy

The ability of infants to recognize familiar people and distinguish them from strangers.

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Socioemotional Awareness

The development of emotional awareness and complex social responses in infants.

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Conceptualization using Words

The process of infants learning to make sense of the world through language.

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Imitation in Language Development

The ability of infants to copy and learn language from others.

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Social Impulses Drive Language Development

The theory that suggests infants' natural social instincts drive their desire to learn language.

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Memorization of Terms

The ability of infants to memorize words and use them in their vocabulary.

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Mastering Grammar

The development of infants' ability to understand grammatical rules.

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Universal Drive to Join the Social World

The universal tendency for infants to seek to understand and participate in the social world through language.

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Phoneme Discrimination

The ability to tell the difference between sounds, specifically the sounds used in a particular language.

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Cooing

The process of babies starting to make sounds, including vowel sounds like "oooo" and later adding consonants to create sounds like "nananananana".

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Babbling

When babies start to make more complex sounds, including all the sounds needed for any language, like clicks, consonants, and vowels. They also start repeating syllables like "ma-ma-ma".

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Receptive Language

The ability of a baby to understand more language than they can actually speak.

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Holophrasic Speech

The first words that babies use, often single-word expressions that represent a whole thought or idea.

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Underextension

When a child incorrectly uses a word for only one specific object and doesn't understand it can be used for other similar objects. For example, only their family dog is a "doggie" and other dogs aren't.

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Overextension

When a child incorrectly applies a word to all objects that are similar. Like calling all animals "doggies".

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Vocabulary Growth Spurt

The rapid increase in a child's vocabulary, starting around 18 months old. They learn many new words, especially nouns like person, places, and things.

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Telegraphic Speech

Short phrases used by toddlers to express themselves, using only the most important words. For example, "baby bye-bye" or "doggie pretty".

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Symbolic Representation

The understanding that words represent objects, actions, or ideas.

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Self-Awareness

The ability to recognize oneself as a separate individual, usually developing between 15 and 24 months.

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Emotional Regulation

The ability to regulate emotions, either independently or with the help of caregivers.

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Attachment

A long-lasting bond between an infant and their caregiver, formed through close physical and emotional connection.

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Co-Regulation

The process by which caregivers help infants to regulate their emotions, often using techniques like distraction or soothing. This is especially important in the early months of life.

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Rouge Test

A test used to assess self-awareness in infants, where a dot of rouge is applied to their forehead, and they are observed to see if they touch it.

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Philippe Rochat

A psychologist who described the development of self-awareness in five stages, starting from birth.

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Stage 1: Differentiation

The stage of self-awareness where infants can distinguish themselves from others and their environment.

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Stage 2: Situation

The stage of self-awareness where infants can place themselves in relation to others, like imitating their actions.

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Stage 3: Identification

The stage of self-awareness where infants recognize themselves in a mirror and use personal pronouns.

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Stage 4: Permanence

The stage of self-awareness where children understand that their self continues to exist even when they are not physically present.

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Stage 5: Self-Consciousness

The final stage of self-awareness where children can see themselves from an outsider's perspective and understand how others perceive them.

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Social Emotions

Emotions that involve understanding the mental states of others, such as guilt, shame, pride, sympathy, and empathy. These typically develop around age 3 to 5.

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Temperament in Development

The idea that a child's basic personality and behavioral style, present from birth, remains relatively stable throughout life. This style is influenced by genetics and biological factors, not upbringing.

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Self-Regulation

The ability to regulate emotions independently, without relying on caregivers.

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Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development, where infants learn to trust their caregivers to meet their basic needs and provide comfort. This stage is crucial for establishing a sense of security and well-being in the infant, a foundation for healthy social development.

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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's second stage of psychosocial development, where toddlers explore their independence and develop a sense of self-efficacy. It's a crucial time for toddlers to learn about their autonomy and develop a healthy sense of self.

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Coping Strategies

Strategies used to regulate emotions, such as distracting oneself or seeking comfort from others.

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Sensitive Caregiving

Caregivers who are sensitive and responsive to their children's emotions tend to have children who develop better emotional regulation, are less fearful, and have enhanced social skills.

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Resiliency

A psychological concept describing resilience in the face of adversity. It refers to the ability of individuals, particularly children, to cope with and overcome difficult life challenges. Examples include a child born premature or with physical problems who still develops positively with support.

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Transient Exuberance

A period of rapid brain growth occurring during infancy characterized by a surge of neural connections. This exuberant growth is followed by 'synaptic pruning,' where unused connections are eliminated, strengthening the remaining ones, leading to a more efficient and specialized brain.

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Healthy Development

Healthy development means that children of all abilities, including those with special health care needs, are able to grow up where their social, emotional, and educational needs are met, by having a nurturing and supportive environment.

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Secure Base

A parent's presence that provides a sense of safety and security for a child as they explore their surroundings.

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Secure Attachment

The most common and healthiest type of attachment where the child feels secure enough to explore their environment and seeks comfort from their caregiver when distressed.

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Avoidant Attachment

A type of attachment where the child is unresponsive to the parent, shows little distress upon separation, and avoids seeking comfort when the parent returns.

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Resistant Attachment

A type of attachment where the child is clingy and distressed when the parent leaves, but then rejects comfort from the parent upon reunion.

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Disorganized Attachment

A type of attachment where the child shows inconsistent and unpredictable behaviors, often appearing confused and distressed, especially upon the caregiver's return.

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Strange Situation Procedure

A study designed to investigate attachment patterns between mothers and their infants where the infant experiences a series of separations and reunions with their caregiver in a controlled environment.

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Harlow's Monkey Study

The study that investigated if attachment can be disrupted and whether specific types of adult behavior could influence it.

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Attachment Theory

A concept that emphasizes the importance of a consistent and responsive caregiver in fostering a secure attachment bond with a child.

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Responsive Caregiving

The caregiver is sensitive and responsive to the child's physical, social, and emotional needs.

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Mutually Enjoyable Interactions

The interplay of interactions between a caregiver and their child where both find joy and connection.

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Cultural Influences on Attachment

Differences in attachment styles across cultures can be attributed to varying cultural values and expectations for parenting practices.

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Impact of Secure Attachment on Development

Children with secure attachments develop a more confident and resilient approach to navigating challenges and forming relationships later in life.

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Temperament's Role in Attachment

A baby's temperament, or innate personality and behavioral style, may influence their attachment pattern.

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Dynamic Nature of Attachment

Attachment styles are not fixed and can evolve and change as children experience new relationships and life events.

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Temperament

A baby's natural, inborn qualities that affect their behavior and responses to the environment. It's like their unique personality blueprint.

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New York Longitudinal Study

This study tracked infants' temperament from birth across many years, revealing unique groupings of characteristics.

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Easy Baby

Babies classified as 'easy' have a positive disposition, are adaptable and predictable in their needs. They are generally happy and curious.

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Difficult Baby

These babies tend to be less adaptable and have more negative moods. They may withdraw from new situations or people.

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Slow-to-Warm-Up Baby

These babies are cautious and slow to adapt to new situations. They are often inactive and have a generally negative mood.

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Goodness-of-Fit

When a child's temperament matches well with the environment and expectations around them, leading to smoother interactions and less conflict.

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Attachment Styles

Ainsworth's original classification of attachment styles, later expanded to include a fourth type.

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Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment (Type C)

This type of attachment is characterized by the child's anxiety and distress when separated from the caregiver, but difficulty seeking comfort upon reunion.

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Cultural Variation in Attachment

These differences in parenting styles are often influenced by cultural norms and values, not necessarily reflecting insecurity or parental shortcomings.

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Q-Sort Technique

A more recent method of assessing attachment, utilizing a sorting technique to analyze various behaviors displayed by the child.

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Avoidant Attachment (Type A)

This type of attachment is characterized by the child's avoidance of the caregiver upon reunion, showing little emotional response after separation.

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Secure Attachment (Type B)

This type of attachment is characterized by the child's secure base with the caregiver, feeling safe to explore and seeking comfort when needed.

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Disorganized Attachment (Type D)

Also known as disorganized attachment, this style is characterized by the child's inconsistent and unpredictable behavior, often showing confusion and fear towards the caregiver, indicating potential trauma or abuse.

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Study Notes

Physical Growth in Infancy and Toddlerhood

  • Newborn average weight: 7.5 pounds, healthy range 5 lbs 8 oz (2,500 grams) to 8 lbs 13 oz (4,000 grams)
  • Newborn average length: 19.5 inches
  • Weight loss in first few days: up to 5% of body weight
  • 4 months: infants usually double their birth weight
  • 1 year: infants typically triple their birth weight
  • 2 years: infants often quadruple their birth weight
  • 12 months (1 year): average length range 28.5-30.5 inches
  • 24 months (2 years): average length range 33.2-35.4 inches

Body Proportions

  • Newborn head accounts for approximately 25% of total body length
  • Newborn head comprises about 50% of total length in prenatal development
  • Adult head comprises about 15% of total body length

Brain Development

  • Newborn brain is about 25% of adult weight
  • 2 years: brain is about 75% adult weight
  • 6 years: brain is about 95% adult weight
  • 7 years: brain reaches 100% adult weight
  • Dendrites (connections between neurons): proliferation in first two years, unused pathways eliminated
  • Prefrontal cortex: matures throughout childhood, substantial growth spurt during adolescence, last part of the brain to fully mature, comprising 85% of brain weight
  • Myelin: crucial for nerve impulse transmission, develops dramatically in first few years

Reflexes and Motor Skills

  • Infant reflexes: automatic responses to stimuli for survival (breathing, body temperature maintenance, sucking, rooting) and other functions
  • Reflex examples: babinski, stepping, palmar grasp, moro
  • Reflexes transition to voluntary motor skills in first few weeks of life
  • Motor development: from reflexive to more advanced skills in a cephalocaudal and proximodistal order
  • Examples: holding head, sitting, crawling, pulling up, cruising, walking
  • Gross motor skills: large muscle group movements (e.g., raising head, crawling, walking).
  • Fine motor skills: smaller muscle movements (e.g., grasping, reaching, pincer grasp).

Nutrition and Feeding

  • Breastfeeding is ideal for newborns due to colostrum's nutrients and breast milk's changing composition
  • Solid foods introduced at around 6 months old
  • Risks of malnutrition include marasmus (starvation) and kwashiorkor ("disease of the displaced child")
  • Breast milk easier to digest, contains antibodies, and may contribute to better cognitive development in premature and full-term infants.
  • Formula-fed infants experience more diarrhea/upset stomachs, higher risk of ear/respiratory infections.

Sleep Patterns

  • Infants (0-2 years): average sleep 12.8 hours/day
  • Newborns sleep approximately 14-17 hours/day in the first 3 months
  • REM sleep: about half of an infant's sleep
  • Nighttime waking: a common sleep concern for parents
  • Safe sleep practices (e.g., back to sleep, no soft bedding) critical for reducing SUIDs.

Cognitive Development

  • Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage: infants learn through senses and motor skills, six substages (reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination, tertiary circular reactions, mental representations)
  • Object permanence: understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight, develops around 8 months
  • Memory abilities in infants: improving with age, infants remember experiences for weeks/months

Language Development

  • Language acquisition: a rapid process supported by biological predisposition ("language acquisition device") and social interaction.
  • Stages of language development: from reflexive to holophrasic to two-word sentences.
  • Holophrasic speech: single words conveying complex meanings (e.g., "ju" for juice)
  • Child-directed speech (motherese) fosters language learning

Sensory Development

  • Sensation: interaction of information with sensory receptors
  • Perception: interpreting what is sensed.
  • Vision: least developed sense at birth, gradually improving, preference for faces, depth perception developing at 2 months
  • Hearing: very keen at birth, preference for human voices, ability to distinguish sounds at 1 month,
  • Touch: acute from birth, critical for development, including pain
  • Taste/Smell: newborns can distinguish flavors and scents

Emotional Development

  • Key milestones: social smiling (2 months), laughter (3-5 months), fear/sadness/anger (6-8 months), stranger wariness, separation anxiety
  • Self-awareness: emerges between 15-24 months (rouge test)
  • Temperament differences: inborn traits influencing personality
  • Co-regulation: caregiver and child modifying reactions mutually

Attachment

  • Attachment theory: affectional bond with caregiver critical for emotional development, secure base for exploring
  • Ainsworth's Strange Situation: assessing attachment styles (secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized)

Caregiving

  • Caregiver's influence: responsive and sensitive caregiving crucial for emotional regulation, attachment, and overall development
  • Temperament & parenting style: goodness-of-fit critical for healthy development

Immunizations and Health

  • Prevention of communicable diseases: Immunizations, including herd immunity, critical during infancy's frequent exposure to various germs.
  • Importance of breastfeeding: to establish critical nutrition and immune system protection for a newborn.

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