Questions and Answers
What is the Industrial Revolution?
Gradual replacement of many simple hand tools by machines.
What is an anesthetic?
A drug that prevents pain during surgery.
What does enclosure refer to?
The process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers.
Who is James Watt?
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What does it mean to smelt?
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What is capital?
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What is an enterprise?
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What is an entrepreneur?
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What is the putting-out system?
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Who is Eli Whitney?
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What are turnpikes?
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What is Liverpool known for?
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What is Manchester known for?
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What is urbanization?
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What are tenements?
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What are labor unions?
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What is the standard of living?
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What is social mobility?
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What is a free market?
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Who is Thomas Malthus?
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Who is Jeremy Bentham?
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What is utilitarianism?
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What is socialism?
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What are the means of production?
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Who is Robert Owen?
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Who is Karl Marx?
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What is communism?
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What does proletariat mean?
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What is social democracy?
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How did the Industrial Revolution lead to social and economic changes in Europe?
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Study Notes
Industrial Revolution Overview
- Gradual transition from manual tools to machinery transformed production methods and society.
- Significant economic and social changes occurred as a result of this revolution.
Key Concepts and Terminology
- Anesthetic: Pain-relieving drug used during surgeries, marking advancements in medical practices.
- Enclosure: Involved consolidation of land previously shared by peasant farmers, impacting rural economies and livelihoods.
- Smelting: The process of separating iron from its ore, essential to iron production.
- Capital: Money utilized for investment in business ventures, crucial for industrial growth.
- Enterprise: Diverse business organizations, including shipping, mining, and manufacturing.
- Entrepreneur: Individuals who organize and manage businesses while taking on financial risks.
Production Innovations
- Putting-Out System: Cottage industry where families played varied roles in cotton cloth production.
- Eli Whitney: Invented the cotton gin, which revolutionized cotton processing efficiency.
Transportation Developments
- Turnpikes: Private roads established by entrepreneurs, requiring toll payments for usage, enhancing travel efficiency.
- Railway System: The first major rail line connected Liverpool and Manchester, facilitating industrial transport and growth in urban centers.
Urbanization and Living Conditions
- Urbanization: Movement of populations from countryside to urban areas, reshaping societal structures.
- Tenements: Multistory buildings created to house the growing urban population, often with substandard living conditions.
Labor Movements and Social Changes
- Labor Unions: Groups formed by workers advocating for improved wages and conditions.
- Standard of Living: Measure of individuals' quality of life based on access to goods and services.
- Social Mobility: The capability for individuals to rise through social ranks, impacted by industrial opportunities.
Economic Theories
- Free Market: An unregulated economic system promoting voluntary exchange of goods and services.
- Thomas Malthus: Believed population growth would surpass food supply, leading to hardships.
- Jeremy Bentham: Proposed utilitarianism; society should aim for the greatest happiness for the majority.
- Utilitarianism: Aims for the overall well-being and happiness of the largest number of individuals.
Socialism and Political Movements
- Socialism: An economic model where government owns and manages key production resources.
- Means of Production: Essential assets like farms and factories, crucial for economic output.
- Robert Owen: A social reformer who established a community focusing on worker welfare and profitable business practices.
Marxist Theory
- Karl Marx: Philosopher who co-authored the Communist Manifesto, critiquing capitalism.
- Communism: A system where an elite group controls all economic and political aspects of society.
- Proletariat: Marx's term for the working class, identified as the exploited segment without ownership of production means.
- Social Democracy: Advocates for gradual social transition from capitalism to socialism, avoiding violent revolutions.
Industrial Impacts on Society
- The Industrial Revolution substantially altered lifestyles, moving populations from self-sustaining agricultural practices to a consumer-oriented society.
- It led to the rise of industrial towns, changing dynamics of labor, social classes, and economic structures.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key terms from the Industrial Revolution with these flashcards covering sections 13.1 and 13.2 of your textbook. Each card features a significant term along with its definition to help you prepare for your exams. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of this pivotal historical period.