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What is the primary purpose of microencapsulation?
What is the primary purpose of microencapsulation?
What range of particle sizes is considered to be microcapsules or microspheres?
What range of particle sizes is considered to be microcapsules or microspheres?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for microencapsulation?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for microencapsulation?
What components can be enclosed by the microencapsulation process?
What components can be enclosed by the microencapsulation process?
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Which type of microstructure is characterized as free-flowing powders made from polymers or proteins?
Which type of microstructure is characterized as free-flowing powders made from polymers or proteins?
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What is the most critical factor to ensure maximum therapeutic efficacy in drug delivery systems?
What is the most critical factor to ensure maximum therapeutic efficacy in drug delivery systems?
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Which of the following refers to particles with diameters larger than 1000 microns?
Which of the following refers to particles with diameters larger than 1000 microns?
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How does microencapsulation help in the handling of toxic materials?
How does microencapsulation help in the handling of toxic materials?
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Which of the following is a method for enhancing bioavailability through microencapsulation?
Which of the following is a method for enhancing bioavailability through microencapsulation?
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Which of the following best describes the role of coating materials in microencapsulation?
Which of the following best describes the role of coating materials in microencapsulation?
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What are the components generally found in micro particles?
What are the components generally found in micro particles?
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Which property is not typically associated with effective coating materials?
Which property is not typically associated with effective coating materials?
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What advantage does microencapsulation offer regarding drug reactivity?
What advantage does microencapsulation offer regarding drug reactivity?
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Which type of polymer structure can be formed in microencapsulation?
Which type of polymer structure can be formed in microencapsulation?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of core materials in microencapsulation?
Which of the following is a characteristic of core materials in microencapsulation?
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What is a significant drawback of microencapsulation techniques?
What is a significant drawback of microencapsulation techniques?
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Which of the following is NOT a component typically found in the coating material of microencapsulation?
Which of the following is NOT a component typically found in the coating material of microencapsulation?
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What is a primary consideration when determining the coating thickness in microencapsulation?
What is a primary consideration when determining the coating thickness in microencapsulation?
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Which of the following properties is critical for an ideal coating material?
Which of the following properties is critical for an ideal coating material?
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What factor can negatively affect the shelf life of hygroscopicity drugs?
What factor can negatively affect the shelf life of hygroscopicity drugs?
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During the air suspension technique, which property of the core material does NOT typically influence the encapsulation process?
During the air suspension technique, which property of the core material does NOT typically influence the encapsulation process?
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What occurs during the desolvation phase of the co-acervation process?
What occurs during the desolvation phase of the co-acervation process?
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Which of the following techniques is characterized by the cyclic process of coating material application?
Which of the following techniques is characterized by the cyclic process of coating material application?
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What is a disadvantage commonly associated with the air suspension technique?
What is a disadvantage commonly associated with the air suspension technique?
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In the preparation phase of co-acervation, what is the initial step?
In the preparation phase of co-acervation, what is the initial step?
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What is the primary purpose of the supporting air stream in air suspension techniques?
What is the primary purpose of the supporting air stream in air suspension techniques?
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Which variable is NOT important for efficient encapsulation by air suspension methods?
Which variable is NOT important for efficient encapsulation by air suspension methods?
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What is the main function of the hardening stage in the co-acervation process?
What is the main function of the hardening stage in the co-acervation process?
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Which technique is specifically noted for its improved control and flexibility compared to other methods?
Which technique is specifically noted for its improved control and flexibility compared to other methods?
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What is the result of co-acervation in terms of polymer behavior?
What is the result of co-acervation in terms of polymer behavior?
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Which method is NOT listed as a way to achieve co-acervation of polymer molecules?
Which method is NOT listed as a way to achieve co-acervation of polymer molecules?
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In microencapsulation by spray-drying, what is the first step in the process?
In microencapsulation by spray-drying, what is the first step in the process?
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What is a key characteristic of the microcapsules produced through spray-drying?
What is a key characteristic of the microcapsules produced through spray-drying?
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Which of the following processes does NOT lead to hardening of the coat material?
Which of the following processes does NOT lead to hardening of the coat material?
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What characterizes the final state of the core material after deposition of the polymer in the coating process?
What characterizes the final state of the core material after deposition of the polymer in the coating process?
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What is the term used to describe the phase that separates out during co-acervation?
What is the term used to describe the phase that separates out during co-acervation?
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Which of the following is a common application of microencapsulation through spray-drying?
Which of the following is a common application of microencapsulation through spray-drying?
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Which factor does NOT affect the solubility of polymer molecules in a solution when aiming for co-acervation?
Which factor does NOT affect the solubility of polymer molecules in a solution when aiming for co-acervation?
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What technique is described as economically flexible and readily available for encapsulation in the food industry?
What technique is described as economically flexible and readily available for encapsulation in the food industry?
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Study Notes
Industrial Pharmacy - Lecture 8: Microencapsulation Technology
- Microencapsulation is a process where tiny droplets or particles of liquid or solid material are coated with a continuous polymer film.
- The process creates capsules ranging from less than 1 micron to several hundred microns in size.
- Microencapsulation is used to coat solids, liquids, or even gases.
- Particle size typically ranges from 50-5000 microns.
- Microencapsulation has two phases: the core material and the coating material.
- Products from this process include microparticles, microcapsules, microspheres, coated granules, and pellets.
- Particles between 3-800µm are considered microparticles or microcapsules or microspheres.
- Particles larger than 1000µm are called macroparticles.
Microencapsulation Technology - Introduction
- Microencapsulation protects reactive substances from the environment.
- Liquid active components can be transformed into a dry solid system.
- Incompatible components can be separated for functional reasons.
- The immediate environment of microcapsules can be protected from active components.
- Core materials can be isolated, like vitamins from oxygen.
- Volatile cores can be preserved from evaporating.
- A reactive core can be shielded from chemical attack.
- Toxic materials can be safely handled.
- Microencapsulation enables targeted drug release.
- Masking taste or odor of core materials is possible.
- Bioavailability can be enhanced.
- Irritant effects of drugs on the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) may be protected.
Controlled Drug Delivery System
- Well-designed controlled drug delivery overcomes conventional therapy problems.
- Enables enhanced therapeutic efficacy of a given drug.
- For maximum efficacy, drugs need to be delivered to the correct tissue, in the optimal amount, and during the optimal timeframe.
- Minimizes toxicity and side effects.
- Microspheres are free-flowing powders, typically made of proteins or synthetic, biodegradable polymers, and serve as drug carriers.
Reasons for Microencapsulation
- Protection of reactive substances.
- Conversion of liquid active components to dry solids.
- Separation of incompatible components.
- Protection of microcapsules from active components.
- Isolation of core material from surroundings (e.g., vitamins from oxygen).
- Preventing evaporation of volatile cores.
- Isolating a reactive core from chemical attack.
- Enabling safe handling of toxic materials.
- Targeted drug release.
- Masking of taste or odor.
- Enhancing bioavailability.
- Protection of the GIT from drug irritants.
Microencapsulation - Core Material
- The core material is the substance being coated.
- It could be a mixture of active constituents, stabilizers, diluents, excipients, and release-rate retardants or accelerators.
- It often includes the drug or active constituent as well as various additives (e.g., diluents, stabilizers).
Microencapsulation - Coating Material
- The coating material is a substance used to coat the core.
- The coating is inert, non-reactive, and compatible with the core material.
- It must provide desired coating properties such as strength, flexibility, impermeability, optical properties, non-hygroscopicity, tastelessness, and stability.
Coating Material Properties
- Stabilize the core material.
- Be inert towards active ingredients.
- Control drug release under specific conditions.
- Form a film that is tasteless, stable, and non-hygroscopic with low viscosity for economic reasons.
- Be soluble in aqueous media or solvents.
- Be capable of being flexible and thin.
- Coating thickness depends on the coating-to-core ratio and the particle size (surface area) of the core material.
List of Coating Materials
- The list detailed water-soluble, water-insoluble, wax and lipid, and enteric resins to coat core materials.
Advantages of Microencapsulation
- Increased bioavailability.
- Altered drug release profiles.
- Improved patient compliance.
- Targeted drug delivery.
- Reduced reactivity of the core material in relation to the external environment.
- Reduced evaporation rate of the core material.
- Conversion of liquids to solid forms.
- Masking of the core material's taste.
Disadvantages of Microencapsulation
- High cost of the techniques.
- Different dosage forms (tablets, capsules, etc.) cannot be encapsulated using a single process.
- Non-uniform coatings can affect drug release patterns in the body.
- Possible cross-reactions between core and shell materials.
- Difficulty achieving continuous and uniform coating films.
- Reduced shelf life for hygroscopic drugs.
Microencapsulation Techniques
Techniques are described, including air suspension, co-acervation, solvent evaporation, pan coating, polymerization, and spray-drying & congealing.
Applications of Microencapsulation
- Masking taste and odor (e.g., acetaminophen, castor oil).
- Sustained release (e.g., aspirin).
- Conversion of liquid to solid (e.g., clofibrate).
- Reducing gastric irritation (e.g., phenylbutazone).
- Stabilization to oxidation (e.g., vitamins)
Conclusion
- Microencapsulation offers protection, masking, reduced dissolution rate, easy handling, spatial targeting, and delivery of small quantities of potent drugs.
- It reduces drug concentrations at non-target sites and protects labile compounds before and after drug administration.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of microencapsulation technology in this lecture. Learn how tiny particles are coated with polymers to create various forms of encapsulated materials. Understand the significance of particle sizes and the two-phase structure of microencapsulation.
