Chapter 1 |Mixing

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Why is mixing considered a fundamental step in most process sequences?

To create an ordered system of particles

To decrease heat transfer

To decrease the overall composition of the mixture

To randomize dissimilar particles within a system (correct)

Which term is synonymous with mixing according to the text?

Dissolution

Diffusion

Segregation

Blending (correct)

What is the main purpose of mixing in the context of pharmaceutical products?

To secure uniformity of composition (correct)

To increase segregation

To reduce physical and chemical reactions

To separate the components

In the mixing process, what happens to dissimilar particles within a system?

They are randomized Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for carrying out mixing in pharmaceutical manufacturing?

To promote segregation Signup and view all the answers

What additional process does agitation during mixing supplement in the context of chemical reactions?

Diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary components of a liquid mixing system?

Tank and means of supplying energy Signup and view all the answers

Which component is used to direct the bulk movement of material in mixers?

Ducts Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mixing is usually more feasible for limited volumes of materials?

Batch mixing Signup and view all the answers

How are impellers classified in terms of mixing liquids?

By the type of flow pattern they produce Signup and view all the answers

Which flow pattern is perpendicular to the impeller shaft?

Radial flow Signup and view all the answers

What serves to direct the flow of material within the vessel besides supplying power?

Impellers Signup and view all the answers

What kind of mixing occurs when shear reduces the scale of segregation by thinning dissimilar layers?

Diffusive mixing Signup and view all the answers

How does diffusive mixing by diffusion reduce the intensity of segregation?

By exchanging positions of particles within the powder bed Signup and view all the answers

What equipment is used for rapid overall mixing involving tumbling motion?

Batch Tumblers/Blenders Signup and view all the answers

Which geometric form is NOT mentioned as a type of tumbler blender commercially available?

Pyramid Signup and view all the answers

In a tumbling mixer, what enhances the resulting tumbling motion?

Lifter blades or baffles Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of shear occurring between regions of different composition and parallel to their interface?

Reduces scale of segregation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blender is recommended for precision blending?

Twin-shell blenders Signup and view all the answers

What type of motion is not conductive to efficient mixing in cubical and polyhedron-shaped blenders?

Sliding action Signup and view all the answers

What is a drawback associated with ribbon mixers?

Difficult to clean Signup and view all the answers

What type of motion characterizes the mixing pattern in double cone blenders?

Rolling motion Signup and view all the answers

Which mixer exhibits shearing action between moving blades and trough?

Agitator mixer Signup and view all the answers

What property of powders makes them difficult to mix due to agglomeration?

High forces of cohesion Signup and view all the answers

What is considered as a practical upper limit for the viscosity of materials that can be mixed using turbines or flat blade devices?

10 poise Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about mixing thick creams, ointments, and pastes?

They have a high viscosity, making it difficult to generate turbulence within their bulk. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of turbines or flat blade mixing devices?

They are insensitive to changes in power consumption, density, and viscosity. Signup and view all the answers

In the mixing of two immiscible liquids, what is the primary mechanism involved?

Subdivision of one phase into globules and distributing them throughout the bulk fluid. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary forces involved in the mixing of two immiscible liquids?

Interfacial tension and shear forces Signup and view all the answers

How is the selection of mixing equipment determined for low-viscosity systems?

Based on the mechanism by which intense shearing forces can be generated Signup and view all the answers

What type of mixing involves systems where spontaneous, irreversible, and complete mixing would take place by diffusion?

Positive mixing Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mixing is more difficult to form and maintain, requiring a higher degree of mixing?

Negative mixing Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in neutral mixing systems unless acted upon by an external energy input?

Remain static Signup and view all the answers

Forces of shear during fluid mixing are generated by interactions between moving fluids and:

Solid surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the derivative of velocity with respect to distance measured normal to the direction of flow known as?

Shear rate Signup and view all the answers

What classification depends on the relationship between shear rates and applied stress for fluids?

Rheological classification Signup and view all the answers

What type of mixer is characterized by the development of a vortex at the center of the vessel?

Impeller mixer Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid mixing device induces tangential flow but does not produce mixing except near the tank walls?

Grid mixer Signup and view all the answers

What is the drawback associated with the formation of a vortex during mixing?

Increased likelihood of foaming Signup and view all the answers

Which device typically includes vanes, baffles, screws, grids, or combinations for efficient mixing?

Impeller mixer Signup and view all the answers

At what viscosity range is the formation of a vortex during mixing considered undesirable?

< 20,000 cps Signup and view all the answers

Which type of flow pattern is characteristic of turbines with blades arranged perpendicular to the impeller shaft?

Radial flow Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of a propeller in mixing liquids?

Producing axial flow Signup and view all the answers

How are turbines distinguished from propellers in terms of blade pitch?

Turbines have blades with varying pitch Signup and view all the answers

Which impeller type induces radial flow by centrifugal action?

Turbines with 90-degree blades Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of turbines' design that allows operation in highly viscous fluids?

Simple and rugged design Signup and view all the answers

In what type of fluid are propellers most efficient?

Low-viscosity liquids Signup and view all the answers

What type of flow pattern is induced primarily by the setup of propellers?

Axial flow Signup and view all the answers

What type of motion characterizes the mixing pattern in double cone blenders?

Rolling Signup and view all the answers

Which blender type is NOT recommended for precision blending according to the text?

Planetary mixer Signup and view all the answers

What is the drawback associated with ribbon mixers mentioned in the text?

Higher power requirement Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mixing is NOT conducive to efficient mixing in cubical and polyhedron-shaped blenders?

Sliding Signup and view all the answers

What additional mixing action occurs in twin-shell blenders during each revolution?

Agglomeration Signup and view all the answers

What is a common drawback associated with sigma blade and planetary mixers mentioned in the text?

Relatively higher power requirement Signup and view all the answers

What is the practical upper limit of viscosity for the application of turbines or flat blade mixing devices?

15 poise Signup and view all the answers

What type of forces play a role in the mixing of two immiscible liquids?

Surface tension and shear forces Signup and view all the answers

How are high shear rates achieved in low-viscosity systems during mixing?

By passing the fluid under high pressure through small orifices Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a turbine or flat blade design in mixing thick creams and ointments?

Generate turbulence within the bulk Signup and view all the answers

In a polyphase system, what is the effect of the first force on the globules within the fluid?

Maintains globule shape integrity Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences the selection of equipment for generating intense shearing forces in liquid mixtures?

Viscosity of the liquids Signup and view all the answers

Chapter 1 |Mixing

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Questions and Answers

Why is mixing considered a fundamental step in most process sequences?

Which term is synonymous with mixing according to the text?

What is the main purpose of mixing in the context of pharmaceutical products?

In the mixing process, what happens to dissimilar particles within a system?

Which of the following is NOT a reason for carrying out mixing in pharmaceutical manufacturing?

What additional process does agitation during mixing supplement in the context of chemical reactions?

What are the two primary components of a liquid mixing system?

Which component is used to direct the bulk movement of material in mixers?

Which type of mixing is usually more feasible for limited volumes of materials?

How are impellers classified in terms of mixing liquids?

Which flow pattern is perpendicular to the impeller shaft?

What serves to direct the flow of material within the vessel besides supplying power?

What kind of mixing occurs when shear reduces the scale of segregation by thinning dissimilar layers?

How does diffusive mixing by diffusion reduce the intensity of segregation?

What equipment is used for rapid overall mixing involving tumbling motion?

Which geometric form is NOT mentioned as a type of tumbler blender commercially available?

In a tumbling mixer, what enhances the resulting tumbling motion?

What is the main effect of shear occurring between regions of different composition and parallel to their interface?

Which type of blender is recommended for precision blending?

What type of motion is not conductive to efficient mixing in cubical and polyhedron-shaped blenders?

What is a drawback associated with ribbon mixers?

What type of motion characterizes the mixing pattern in double cone blenders?

Which mixer exhibits shearing action between moving blades and trough?

What property of powders makes them difficult to mix due to agglomeration?

What is considered as a practical upper limit for the viscosity of materials that can be mixed using turbines or flat blade devices?

Which of the following statements is true about mixing thick creams, ointments, and pastes?

What is a characteristic of turbines or flat blade mixing devices?

In the mixing of two immiscible liquids, what is the primary mechanism involved?

What are the two primary forces involved in the mixing of two immiscible liquids?

How is the selection of mixing equipment determined for low-viscosity systems?

What type of mixing involves systems where spontaneous, irreversible, and complete mixing would take place by diffusion?

Which type of mixing is more difficult to form and maintain, requiring a higher degree of mixing?

What occurs in neutral mixing systems unless acted upon by an external energy input?

Forces of shear during fluid mixing are generated by interactions between moving fluids and:

What is the derivative of velocity with respect to distance measured normal to the direction of flow known as?

What classification depends on the relationship between shear rates and applied stress for fluids?

What type of mixer is characterized by the development of a vortex at the center of the vessel?

Which fluid mixing device induces tangential flow but does not produce mixing except near the tank walls?

What is the drawback associated with the formation of a vortex during mixing?

Which device typically includes vanes, baffles, screws, grids, or combinations for efficient mixing?

At what viscosity range is the formation of a vortex during mixing considered undesirable?

Which type of flow pattern is characteristic of turbines with blades arranged perpendicular to the impeller shaft?

What is the primary effect of a propeller in mixing liquids?

How are turbines distinguished from propellers in terms of blade pitch?

Which impeller type induces radial flow by centrifugal action?

What is a key characteristic of turbines' design that allows operation in highly viscous fluids?

In what type of fluid are propellers most efficient?

What type of flow pattern is induced primarily by the setup of propellers?

What type of motion characterizes the mixing pattern in double cone blenders?

Which blender type is NOT recommended for precision blending according to the text?

What is the drawback associated with ribbon mixers mentioned in the text?

Which type of mixing is NOT conducive to efficient mixing in cubical and polyhedron-shaped blenders?

What additional mixing action occurs in twin-shell blenders during each revolution?

What is a common drawback associated with sigma blade and planetary mixers mentioned in the text?

What is the practical upper limit of viscosity for the application of turbines or flat blade mixing devices?

What type of forces play a role in the mixing of two immiscible liquids?

How are high shear rates achieved in low-viscosity systems during mixing?

What is the primary function of a turbine or flat blade design in mixing thick creams and ointments?

In a polyphase system, what is the effect of the first force on the globules within the fluid?

Which factor influences the selection of equipment for generating intense shearing forces in liquid mixtures?

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