Industrial Growth in Russia
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Questions and Answers

What happened to coal production in Russia during the 1890s?

  • It decreased significantly.
  • It tripled.
  • It doubled. (correct)
  • It remained unchanged.

What was the primary form of ownership in the industry during the early 1900s in Russia?

  • Government ownership
  • Private ownership (correct)
  • Cooperative ownership
  • Public ownership

What percentage of the factory workforce were women by 1914?

  • 10%
  • 31% (correct)
  • 41%
  • 21%

What was a common issue faced by factory workers regarding pay?

<p>Women were paid less than men. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long was the working day in craft units compared to factories?

<p>15 hours in craft units, compared to 10 or 12 hours in factories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did government inspectors play in factories?

<p>They enforced minimum wages and limited working hours. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were workers organized in terms of social structure?

<p>They were divided by skill and origin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a distinctive feature of metalworkers in St. Petersburg?

<p>They considered themselves aristocrats among other workers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence for many who were forced to confess under torture?

<p>They were executed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the peasant mention happened to his properties due to heavy taxes he could not pay?

<p>They were sold by local authorities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the peasant's stance on joining collective farms?

<p>He did not want to join. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did heavy taxes start being levied on the peasant?

<p>1932 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the perspective of existing socialist parties in Europe regarding the Bolsheviks' methods?

<p>They did not wholly approve. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Bolsheviks' rise to power affect workers' aspirations worldwide?

<p>It inspired imagination toward a workers’ state. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the peasant's family income situation?

<p>They struggled under the burden of taxes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the peasant's buildings in 1936 and 1937?

<p>One was sold and one was confiscated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the communal dining arrangement for the members of the commune?

<p>Members gathered in a communal dining hall. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle was income divided under in the commune?

<p>Cooperative communism principles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to industrial production between 1929 and 1933?

<p>It doubled in certain sectors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of rapid construction in new factory cities?

<p>Poor working conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was notable about the living conditions described in Magnitogorsk during extreme winter?

<p>People had to endure severe cold without proper heating. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiative was established for children of women workers in factory settings?

<p>Crèches in factories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did centralised planning affect the economic state during the period discussed?

<p>It led to significant economic growth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of healthcare was made available to the population?

<p>Cheap public healthcare. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event took place in June 1917 involving Soviets?

<p>An All Russian Congress of Soviets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What actions did the Provisional Government take as Bolshevik influence grew?

<p>Arrested leaders and resisted factory self-management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the summer of 1917, which groups formed in industrial areas?

<p>Both B and C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurred during the July Days in 1917?

<p>A pro-Bolshevik demonstration was repressed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did peasants do between July and September 1917?

<p>Seized land encouraged by Socialist Revolutionaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Lenin fear the Provisional Government in September 1917?

<p>They might establish a dictatorship (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What facilitated the land confiscation by peasants in 1917?

<p>The encouragement of Socialist Revolutionary leaders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of factory committees during the workers' movement?

<p>To question how industrialists ran their factories (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Kirghiz reaction to the February Revolution?

<p>They welcomed it with joy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary consequence of the October Revolution for the Kirghiz?

<p>Led to additional oppression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of government control did the Bolsheviks maintain over industries during the civil war?

<p>Nationalised control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Bolsheviks allow peasants to do with the socialised land?

<p>Cultivate it independently. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key feature of the Five Year Plans introduced by the Bolsheviks?

<p>Centralised economic planning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Bolsheviks set prices during the first two Five Year Plans?

<p>Fixed by the government. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was established as part of socialist cultivation in Ukraine?

<p>A commune using confiscated farms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reaction did the Kirghiz have towards the second revolution?

<p>They experienced fear and violence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Industrial Growth in Russia

The rapid expansion of the Russian railway network in the 1890s led to a surge in factory construction and industrial growth driven by foreign investment.

Increased Industrial Output

Coal production doubled and iron and steel output quadrupled in Russia by the early 1900s, showcasing a substantial rise in industrial output.

Shift towards Factory Workers

In some Russian regions by 1900, the number of factory workers had nearly reached parity with traditional craftsmen, indicating a shift towards industrial labor.

Industrial Ownership and Regulation

Most industries in Russia were privately owned, yet the government exerted influence over worker wages and hours, though inspections often failed to prevent rule violations.

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Working Hours in Russian Industries

Despite government regulations, Russian craft workers frequently endured 15-hour workdays, while factory workers faced a 10 to 12 hour workday, highlighting the demanding nature of industrial labor.

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Worker Accommodation

Russian workers lived in diverse housing arrangements, ranging from single rooms to dormitories, reflecting the varying levels of wealth and living standards in the expanding industrial workforce.

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Social Divisions Among Workers

Social divisions existed among Russian workers, with many maintaining ties to their rural origins while others permanently settled in urban areas, reflecting distinct social identities.

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Social Hierarchy Among Workers

Skilled metalworkers in Russia viewed themselves as superior to less-skilled workers, illustrating social hierarchy and distinctions based on profession and skill in the industrial workforce.

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Women in the Factory Workforce

Women comprised 31% of the Russian factory workforce by 1914, but faced significant wage disparities compared to their male counterparts, showcasing gender inequality in industrial settings.

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Rise of Worker Movements

The workers' movement in Russia gained momentum over the summer of 1917, leading to the creation of factory committees, demonstrating growing worker organization and collective action.

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Growth of Trade Unions

Trade unions in Russia became more prevalent, mirroring a growing trend of worker organization and collective bargaining, as seen in soldiers' committees forming within the army.

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Soviet Representation

The emergence of around 500 Soviets at an All-Russian Congress in June 1917, representing workers, highlighted the increasing organization and political clout of workers.

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Government vs. Workers

The Provisional Government in Russia faced waning power and rising Bolshevik influence as workers sought to seize control of factories, creating tensions between the government and the working class.

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Peasant Discontent

Peasant unrest surged in Russia driven by calls for land redistribution from Socialist Revolutionary leaders, revealing dissatisfaction with existing land ownership patterns.

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Peasant Mobilization

Between July and September 1917, peasants in Russia began to seize land, showcasing their mobilization against the government and desire for land ownership.

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Lenin's Concerns

In September 1917, Lenin expressed concerns about the Provisional Government potentially establishing a dictatorship, reflecting his view of its potential for authoritarianism.

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October Revolution

The October Revolution in Russia was marked by violence and the establishment of a dictatorial regime, contrasting with the initial hopes for true autonomy among groups like the Kirghiz.

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Bolshevik Economic Policy

During the Russian Civil War, the Bolsheviks nationalized industries and banks, while allowing peasants to farm communal land, reflecting their economic policies and social reforms.

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Centralized Planning

The Bolsheviks introduced centralized planning in Russia, resulting in Five-Year Plans that set economic targets, showcasing their approach to economic management.

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Price Control Measures

Initial Five-Year Plans in Russia aimed to bolster industrial growth through price control measures, reflecting their focus on economic development.

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Industrial Growth under Plans

From 1929 to 1933, Russian industrial production witnessed significant growth, with oil, coal, and steel output increasing by 100%, highlighting the impact of their economic policies.

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Rapid Industrialization Issues

Rapid industrial expansion in Russia, exemplified by the construction of the Magnitogorsk steel plant in three years, often resulted in poor working conditions and labor disputes.

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Worker Hardships

Russian workers during rapid industrialization endured hardships such as inadequate living conditions and long commutes in harsh weather, underscoring the challenges associated with rapid economic development.

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Education Expansion

The Soviet Union expanded its education system, providing factory workers and peasants access to universities, promoting social mobility and educational opportunities.

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Social Welfare Improvements

The establishment of crèches in factories supported working mothers and the expansion of public healthcare in the Soviet Union improved living standards for the workforce.

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Peasant Resistance to Collectivization

Letters from peasants in the Soviet Union reveal resistance to collectivization due to heavy taxation and loss of property, highlighting their dissatisfaction with these policies.

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Global Response to Revolution

The Bolshevik approach to power acquisition and maintenance differed from existing socialist parties in Europe, resulting in mixed responses to the Russian Revolution.

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Revolution's Global Impact

The vision of a workers' state in the Russian Revolution inspired socialist movements worldwide, showcasing the lasting impact of the revolution on global socialist thought.

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Study Notes

Industrial Growth in Russia

  • The 1890s saw the establishment of many factories as Russia's railway system expanded and foreign investment in industry increased.
  • Coal production doubled and iron and steel output quadrupled by the early 1900s.
  • By 1900, factory workers and craftsmen reached nearly equal numbers in some regions.
  • Majority of industries were privately owned, with government oversight on wages and working hours, although inspections often failed to prevent rule violations.
  • Workers in craft units sometimes faced 15-hour workdays, whereas factory workers generally worked 10-12 hours daily.

Worker Demographics and Social Dynamics

  • Accommodation for workers ranged from single rooms to dormitories, reflecting varied living standards.
  • Workers were socially divided; many maintained ties to their rural origins, while others settled permanently in urban areas.
  • Skilled metalworkers perceived themselves as aristocrats relative to less-skilled workers, emphasizing the divide in social status.
  • Women constituted 31% of the factory labor force by 1914 but earned significantly less than their male counterparts.

Rise of Worker Movements

  • The workers' movement gained momentum over the summer, leading to the formation of factory committees.
  • Trade unions became more prevalent, while soldiers' committees emerged within the army.
  • In June 1917, around 500 Soviets represented workers at an All Russian Congress, signaling increasing organization and political activity among workers.
  • The Provisional Government faced diminishing power and increased Bolshevik influence, resulting in repression against workers' efforts to take control of factories.

Peasant Movement and Land Redistribution

  • Peasant discontent grew, driven by calls for land redistribution from Socialist Revolutionary leaders.
  • Between July and September 1917, peasants began seizing land, indicating grassroots mobilization against the government.

October Revolution Dynamics

  • In September, Lenin expressed concerns regarding the potential for the Provisional Government to establish a dictatorship.
  • The October Revolution was characterized by violence and the imposition of a dictatorial regime, counteracting hopes for true autonomy among groups like the Kirghiz.

Bolshevik Economic Policy

  • During the civil war, the Bolsheviks nationalized industries and banks while allowing peasants to farm communal land.
  • Centralized planning was introduced, resulting in Five-Year Plans that established economic targets.
  • Price control measures aimed at bolstering industrial growth were implemented in the initial plans.

Impact of Centralized Planning

  • From 1929 to 1933, industrial production saw a significant rise, with oil, coal, and steel output increasing by 100% during this period.
  • Rapid industrial expansion led to poor working conditions, as illustrated by the situation in Magnitogorsk, where a steel plant was built in three years but resulted in extensive labor disputes.
  • Workers often endured extreme hardships, such as inadequate living conditions and long commutes to basic facilities in severe weather.

Social Developments Amid Reforms

  • An extensive education system emerged, promoting access for factory workers and peasants to universities.
  • Crèches were established in factories to support working mothers, and public healthcare became accessible, promoting improved living standards.

Challenges of Collectivization

  • Letters from peasants reveal resistance to collectivization due to heavy taxation and loss of property, indicating significant discontent among rural populations.

Global Influence of the Russian Revolution

  • The Bolshevik approach to gaining and maintaining power did not fully align with existing socialist parties in Europe, leading to mixed responses.
  • The vision of a workers’ state inspired movements worldwide, highlighting the Russian Revolution's lasting impact on global socialist thought.

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Description

Explore the rapid industrial growth in Russia during the 1890s. This quiz covers the expansion of factories, the impact of foreign investment, and the living conditions of factory workers. Understand the demographic shifts and social dynamics that shaped the workforce of the time.

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