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What happened to coal production in Russia during the 1890s?
What happened to coal production in Russia during the 1890s?
What was the primary form of ownership in the industry during the early 1900s in Russia?
What was the primary form of ownership in the industry during the early 1900s in Russia?
What percentage of the factory workforce were women by 1914?
What percentage of the factory workforce were women by 1914?
What was a common issue faced by factory workers regarding pay?
What was a common issue faced by factory workers regarding pay?
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How long was the working day in craft units compared to factories?
How long was the working day in craft units compared to factories?
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What role did government inspectors play in factories?
What role did government inspectors play in factories?
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How were workers organized in terms of social structure?
How were workers organized in terms of social structure?
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What was a distinctive feature of metalworkers in St. Petersburg?
What was a distinctive feature of metalworkers in St. Petersburg?
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What was a consequence for many who were forced to confess under torture?
What was a consequence for many who were forced to confess under torture?
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What did the peasant mention happened to his properties due to heavy taxes he could not pay?
What did the peasant mention happened to his properties due to heavy taxes he could not pay?
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What was the peasant's stance on joining collective farms?
What was the peasant's stance on joining collective farms?
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In which year did heavy taxes start being levied on the peasant?
In which year did heavy taxes start being levied on the peasant?
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What was the perspective of existing socialist parties in Europe regarding the Bolsheviks' methods?
What was the perspective of existing socialist parties in Europe regarding the Bolsheviks' methods?
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How did the Bolsheviks' rise to power affect workers' aspirations worldwide?
How did the Bolsheviks' rise to power affect workers' aspirations worldwide?
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What can be inferred about the peasant's family income situation?
What can be inferred about the peasant's family income situation?
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What happened to the peasant's buildings in 1936 and 1937?
What happened to the peasant's buildings in 1936 and 1937?
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What was the communal dining arrangement for the members of the commune?
What was the communal dining arrangement for the members of the commune?
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What principle was income divided under in the commune?
What principle was income divided under in the commune?
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What happened to industrial production between 1929 and 1933?
What happened to industrial production between 1929 and 1933?
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What was one consequence of rapid construction in new factory cities?
What was one consequence of rapid construction in new factory cities?
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What was notable about the living conditions described in Magnitogorsk during extreme winter?
What was notable about the living conditions described in Magnitogorsk during extreme winter?
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What initiative was established for children of women workers in factory settings?
What initiative was established for children of women workers in factory settings?
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How did centralised planning affect the economic state during the period discussed?
How did centralised planning affect the economic state during the period discussed?
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What kind of healthcare was made available to the population?
What kind of healthcare was made available to the population?
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What significant event took place in June 1917 involving Soviets?
What significant event took place in June 1917 involving Soviets?
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What actions did the Provisional Government take as Bolshevik influence grew?
What actions did the Provisional Government take as Bolshevik influence grew?
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During the summer of 1917, which groups formed in industrial areas?
During the summer of 1917, which groups formed in industrial areas?
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What occurred during the July Days in 1917?
What occurred during the July Days in 1917?
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What did peasants do between July and September 1917?
What did peasants do between July and September 1917?
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Why did Lenin fear the Provisional Government in September 1917?
Why did Lenin fear the Provisional Government in September 1917?
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What facilitated the land confiscation by peasants in 1917?
What facilitated the land confiscation by peasants in 1917?
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What was the role of factory committees during the workers' movement?
What was the role of factory committees during the workers' movement?
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What was the Kirghiz reaction to the February Revolution?
What was the Kirghiz reaction to the February Revolution?
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What was the primary consequence of the October Revolution for the Kirghiz?
What was the primary consequence of the October Revolution for the Kirghiz?
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What form of government control did the Bolsheviks maintain over industries during the civil war?
What form of government control did the Bolsheviks maintain over industries during the civil war?
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What did the Bolsheviks allow peasants to do with the socialised land?
What did the Bolsheviks allow peasants to do with the socialised land?
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What was a key feature of the Five Year Plans introduced by the Bolsheviks?
What was a key feature of the Five Year Plans introduced by the Bolsheviks?
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How did the Bolsheviks set prices during the first two Five Year Plans?
How did the Bolsheviks set prices during the first two Five Year Plans?
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What was established as part of socialist cultivation in Ukraine?
What was established as part of socialist cultivation in Ukraine?
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What reaction did the Kirghiz have towards the second revolution?
What reaction did the Kirghiz have towards the second revolution?
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Study Notes
Industrial Growth in Russia
- The 1890s saw the establishment of many factories as Russia's railway system expanded and foreign investment in industry increased.
- Coal production doubled and iron and steel output quadrupled by the early 1900s.
- By 1900, factory workers and craftsmen reached nearly equal numbers in some regions.
- Majority of industries were privately owned, with government oversight on wages and working hours, although inspections often failed to prevent rule violations.
- Workers in craft units sometimes faced 15-hour workdays, whereas factory workers generally worked 10-12 hours daily.
Worker Demographics and Social Dynamics
- Accommodation for workers ranged from single rooms to dormitories, reflecting varied living standards.
- Workers were socially divided; many maintained ties to their rural origins, while others settled permanently in urban areas.
- Skilled metalworkers perceived themselves as aristocrats relative to less-skilled workers, emphasizing the divide in social status.
- Women constituted 31% of the factory labor force by 1914 but earned significantly less than their male counterparts.
Rise of Worker Movements
- The workers' movement gained momentum over the summer, leading to the formation of factory committees.
- Trade unions became more prevalent, while soldiers' committees emerged within the army.
- In June 1917, around 500 Soviets represented workers at an All Russian Congress, signaling increasing organization and political activity among workers.
- The Provisional Government faced diminishing power and increased Bolshevik influence, resulting in repression against workers' efforts to take control of factories.
Peasant Movement and Land Redistribution
- Peasant discontent grew, driven by calls for land redistribution from Socialist Revolutionary leaders.
- Between July and September 1917, peasants began seizing land, indicating grassroots mobilization against the government.
October Revolution Dynamics
- In September, Lenin expressed concerns regarding the potential for the Provisional Government to establish a dictatorship.
- The October Revolution was characterized by violence and the imposition of a dictatorial regime, counteracting hopes for true autonomy among groups like the Kirghiz.
Bolshevik Economic Policy
- During the civil war, the Bolsheviks nationalized industries and banks while allowing peasants to farm communal land.
- Centralized planning was introduced, resulting in Five-Year Plans that established economic targets.
- Price control measures aimed at bolstering industrial growth were implemented in the initial plans.
Impact of Centralized Planning
- From 1929 to 1933, industrial production saw a significant rise, with oil, coal, and steel output increasing by 100% during this period.
- Rapid industrial expansion led to poor working conditions, as illustrated by the situation in Magnitogorsk, where a steel plant was built in three years but resulted in extensive labor disputes.
- Workers often endured extreme hardships, such as inadequate living conditions and long commutes to basic facilities in severe weather.
Social Developments Amid Reforms
- An extensive education system emerged, promoting access for factory workers and peasants to universities.
- Crèches were established in factories to support working mothers, and public healthcare became accessible, promoting improved living standards.
Challenges of Collectivization
- Letters from peasants reveal resistance to collectivization due to heavy taxation and loss of property, indicating significant discontent among rural populations.
Global Influence of the Russian Revolution
- The Bolshevik approach to gaining and maintaining power did not fully align with existing socialist parties in Europe, leading to mixed responses.
- The vision of a workers’ state inspired movements worldwide, highlighting the Russian Revolution's lasting impact on global socialist thought.
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Description
Explore the rapid industrial growth in Russia during the 1890s. This quiz covers the expansion of factories, the impact of foreign investment, and the living conditions of factory workers. Understand the demographic shifts and social dynamics that shaped the workforce of the time.
