Russian History Early 20th Century Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary source of livelihood for the majority of Russia's population in the early 20th century?

  • Industry
  • Agriculture (correct)
  • Military
  • Government
  • Trade
  • Service

Compared to France and Germany, what was the percentage of Russia's population engaged in agriculture?

  • Roughly the same
  • Data not provided in the text
  • Significantly lower
  • Significantly higher (correct)

Which of the following was NOT a prominent industrial area in Russia?

  • Moscow
  • St. Petersburg
  • Kiev (correct)
  • Novosibirsk

What is the primary reason for the increased industrial growth in Russia during the 1890s?

<p>Expansion of the railway network and foreign investment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Russian government intervene in the industrial sector?

<p>Enforcing minimum wages and limited working hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the working conditions in factories differ from those in craft units and small workshops?

<p>Craft units had shorter working hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the gender disparity in wages in the Russian factories by 1914?

<p>Women earned between half and three-quarters of a man's wage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did workers in Russia do when they disagreed with employers about dismissals or working conditions?

<p>They organized and went on strike (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the lack of respect that peasants in Russia had for the nobility?

<p>The nobles held their power through their service to the Tsar, not local popularity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary difference between Russian peasants and their counterparts in Europe?

<p>Russian peasants pooled their land and divided it periodically (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following political parties was founded in Russia in 1898?

<p>Russian Social Democratic Workers Party (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party operating as an illegal organization before 1914?

<p>Government policing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group did some Russian socialists believe would be the primary force behind Russia's socialist revolution?

<p>Peasants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which political party emerged in Russia in 1900 that championed the rights of peasants and demanded land redistribution?

<p>Socialist Revolutionary Party (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Lenin's view on the unity of peasants within a socialist movement?

<p>He believed peasants were a diverse group with internal divisions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the formation of a commune in the Ukraine?

<p>The commune was formed by the Soviet government as a way of reorganizing agriculture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened after the Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd?

<p>The Bolsheviks faced a long and bloody civil war against those who opposed their rule. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these was NOT a key figure in the Indian communist movement?

<p>Mahatma Gandhi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the immediate cause of the peasant insurrections in the Ukraine in 1930?

<p>Distortions of the Party's line during the implementation of collectivization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the establishment of the Comintern?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Russian Revolution of 1917 considered a significant event in world history?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary demand of the peasants during the insurrections?

<p>The return of grain, livestock, and tools seized during collectivization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the letter from Afanasii Dedorovich Frebenev reveal about the impact of collectivization on individual peasants?

<p>The collectivization policies led to the economic hardship and dispossession of individual peasants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Russian Revolution of 1917 affect India?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Indian visitor perceive Soviet Russia in 1920?

<p>A society based on equality and freedom, despite ongoing struggles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a key aspect of the Soviet collectivization program?

<p>The implementation of a democratic system of governance for the collective farms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the establishment of communes in the Ukraine affect the lives of rural people?

<p>The communes forced the villagers to give up their land and their way of life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Rabindranath Tagore's observation about Moscow in 1930?

<p>Moscow was a city where the working class was clearly visible and played a central role. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the two accounts of the October Revolution's impact on the countryside?

<p>One account reflects the perspective of the peasantry, while the other reflects the perspective of the landowning class. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text say about the role of women in the February Revolution?

<p>Women were actively involved in the revolution, organizing strikes and mobilizing workers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the revolution on the peasants?

<p>The revolution was welcomed by the peasants as an opportunity for land redistribution and freedom. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the change in the Russian calendar in 1918?

<p>To align with the calendar used in other European countries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Red bows presented to the men on Women's Day at the Lorenz telephone factory?

<p>They symbolized the unity and solidarity of the workers, both men and women. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the letter from Afanasii Dedorovich Frebenev provide evidence of the Soviet government's policy towards individual farmers?

<p>The letter highlights the Soviet government's policy of dispossession and elimination of individual farmers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Shaukat Usmani's visit to Soviet Russia during the civil war influence his view of the country?

<p>He was convinced that the Soviet Union was a beacon of hope for equality and social progress. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Rabindranath Tagore compare the achievements of the Soviet people to the work of Genii in the Arabian Nights?

<p>He was highlighting the extraordinary progress made by the Soviets in a short period. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the letter from a member of a landowning family contrast with Fedor Belov's account of the revolution's impact on the countryside?

<p>The landowning member's account portrays a more peaceful and less disruptive revolution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Marfa Vasileva's statement, “I cannot be the only one who is satiated when others are hungry”?

<p>It demonstrates the strong sense of solidarity and equality among the workers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key characteristic of the European societies before the 18th century?

<p>A clear division of society into distinct estates or orders. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of the French Revolution on European ideas about societal change?

<p>It sparked discussions and debates about new ways of organizing society and power. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguished liberals from conservatives in the context of 19th-century Europe?

<p>Liberals emphasized individual rights and limited government, while conservatives favored traditional authority and social hierarchy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider the historical context when interpreting political terms like 'liberal' and 'conservative'?

<p>These terms can have different meanings depending on the time period and specific context. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the French Revolution influence discussions about social change in other parts of the world, such as India?

<p>It sparked debates about individual rights and the merits of revolutionary change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one key aspect of the liberal agenda in 19th-century Europe?

<p>The promotion of religious tolerance and equality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main reasons why socialism emerged as a significant idea in the 20th century?

<p>It gained traction through the Russian Revolution, which attempted to radically transform society. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main theme explored in the text?

<p>The impact of the French Revolution on European and global ideas about societal change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key characteristic that differentiated liberals from radicals in the 19th century?

<p>Radicals supported universal adult suffrage, while liberals favored property-based voting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which individual is credited with advocating for the establishment of cooperative communities to address social and economic inequalities?

<p>Robert Owen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main argument put forth by socialists regarding private property in the 19th century?

<p>Private property was inherently unjust and should be abolished. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main objective of the Second International, an organization formed by socialists?

<p>To coordinate and promote socialist ideas and movements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a challenge faced by workers during the Industrial Revolution?

<p>Lack of access to education for all workers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did liberals believe was the key to societal progress and prosperity?

<p>Encouraging individual effort, labor, and enterprise. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of the industrialization process?

<p>A shift of population from rural areas to urban centers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main aim of nationalists during the 19th century?

<p>To create unified nations where all citizens had equal rights. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects Karl Marx's view of industrial society?

<p>He argued that capitalism was inherently exploitative and needed to be overthrown. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to socialists, what would be the main benefit of a society where property was controlled by the collective rather than individuals?

<p>More attention would be paid to collective social interests rather than personal gain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to the rise of socialism?

<p>By exposing the inequalities and injustices inherent in capitalist society. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The French Revolution had a significant impact on European political thinking. What was the main impact on conservatives?

<p>It led them to accept the inevitability of some change, while advocating for a gradual approach. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text discusses various political ideologies - liberalism, radicalism, conservatism, and socialism. What is a common thread that runs through these ideologies?

<p>A desire for a society based on equality and social justice. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical development is considered to be a significant catalyst for the social and political upheavals of the 19th century?

<p>The French Revolution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text mentions a 'well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials.' What was the purpose of this independent judiciary?

<p>To ensure that laws were applied fairly and impartially, regardless of social standing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups advocated for a more open and inclusive political party in Russia, similar to Germany?

<p>The Mensheviks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main catalyst for the 1905 Revolution in Russia?

<p>The defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups did NOT participate in the 1905 Revolution in Russia?

<p>Anarchists (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of "Bloody Sunday"?

<p>It marked the beginning of the 1905 Revolution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the "Jadidists" who participated in the 1905 Revolution?

<p>To promote a modernized form of Islam. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the creation of the Duma in 1905?

<p>It was the first elected legislative body in Russia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributed to the growing discontent and unrest in the Russian Empire during World War I?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary characteristic of the Eastern Front in World War I compared to the Western Front?

<p>A more mobile warfare with significant battlefield changes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the Russian army in a weakened state by 1917?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the immediate catalyst for the February Revolution in Petrograd?

<p>Food shortages and economic hardship. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the layout of Petrograd reflect the social divisions?

<p>The city was divided by a river, separating the workers from the elite. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the women's involvement in the February Revolution?

<p>They played a leading role in initiating the strikes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why were political parties initially not actively involved in the February Revolution?

<p>They believed the revolution would be spontaneous and popular. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the Tsar's decision to impose a curfew on February 22nd?

<p>It further fueled the unrest and encouraged more protests. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the overall effect of the First World War on the Russian Empire?

<p>It contributed significantly to the downfall of the Tsarist regime. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events was NOT a direct consequence of the 1905 Revolution in Russia?

<p>The outbreak of World War I. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was not a demand of Lenin's 'April Theses'?

<p>The immediate establishment of a socialist government (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the initial response to Lenin's 'April Theses', most Bolsheviks believed:

<p>That the Provisional Government should be supported (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events most directly led to a change in the Bolsheviks' attitude towards the Provisional Government?

<p>The July demonstrations staged by the Bolsheviks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event finally led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II?

<p>The advice of military commanders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was not a consequence of the October Revolution?

<p>The immediate implementation of complete social equality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason behind Lenin's decision to dismiss the Constituent Assembly?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Lenin feel the Bolshevik party needed to be renamed the Communist Party?

<p>To indicate their new radical aims (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major event caused the Bolsheviks to shift their focus from supporting the Provisional Government to planning an uprising?

<p>The fear that the Provisional Government would set up a dictatorship (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The workers' movement that spread throughout Russia in the summer of 1917 was characterized by:

<p>A desire for increased control over factories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The event in which the ship Aurora shelled the Winter Palace is known as:

<p>The October Revolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these events happened first?

<p>Land was declared social property (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Bolsheviks do to assert the change in Russia's political system after the October Revolution?

<p>They introduced a new uniform for the army and officials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who led the Military Revolutionary Committee that organized the seizure of power during the October Revolution?

<p>Leon Trotsky (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups was not a major player in the events of the February and October Revolutions?

<p>The Black Hundreds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'Soviet' refers to:

<p>A council of workers and soldiers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a true statement about the events after the October Revolution?

<p>The Provisional Government continued to operate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Bolsheviks become the only party in Russia?

<p>They used secret police to silence opposition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key factor that contributed to the Russian Civil War?

<p>The Bolsheviks' policy of confiscating land. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct description of the 'greens' and 'whites' in the Civil War?

<p>The 'greens' were Socialist Revolutionaries, while the 'whites' were pro-Tsarist. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main reasons for the Bolsheviks' victory in the Civil War?

<p>Their alliances with non-Russian nationalities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of the Bolshevik policy of political autonomy for non-Russian nationalities?

<p>It was difficult to implement due to forced policies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key economic policy was implemented by the Bolsheviks during the Civil War?

<p>They nationalized industries and banks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose behind the Bolsheviks' Five Year Plans?

<p>To promote rapid industrial growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the negative consequences of the Bolsheviks' rapid industrialization?

<p>Poor working conditions in new factory cities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the key issue that led to Stalin's implementation of collectivisation?

<p>The resistance of kulaks to selling grain at fixed prices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Stalin's main reason for forcibly collectivising agriculture?

<p>To increase grain production and address food shortages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of Stalin's collectivisation policy?

<p>It caused widespread resistance and violence among peasants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason why peasants resisted collectivisation?

<p>They preferred to work on large, mechanised farms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the general outcome of collectivisation on agricultural production in the Soviet Union?

<p>It caused a significant decline in agricultural production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Bolsheviks do with industries and banks during the Civil War?

<p>They made them completely state-owned. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the Bolsheviks' approach to the arts and architecture after 1917?

<p>They strictly controlled artistic output and imposed censorship. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence suggests that collectivisation was not immediately successful?

<p>The resistance of peasants and their destruction of livestock. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary consequence of the USSR's collectivization policies?

<p>Widespread famine due to food shortages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main criticisms levelled at the Bolsheviks by existing socialist parties in Europe?

<p>The Bolsheviks were too radical and violent in their methods of seizing power. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Russian Revolution impact the formation of communist parties across the world?

<p>It encouraged the development of socialist parties aligned with Bolshevik principles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the decline in the international reputation of the USSR as a socialist country?

<p>The USSR's failure to establish a democratic government. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Alexander Shlyapnikov's description of meetings under the Bolshevik regime highlight the nature of the political system?

<p>It reveals that the Bolsheviks relied on a combination of legal and illegal methods to maintain control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to M.N.Roy's account, how did the Kirghiz people view the Bolshevik Revolution initially?

<p>They welcomed the revolution with joy and hope for autonomy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the quote from the Kazakh leader in 1919 suggest about the Kirghiz people's perception of the Bolshevik Revolution?

<p>The revolution replaced Tsarist oppression with another oppressive regime. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the letter from the 13-year-old worker to Kalinin reveal about the social conditions in the USSR in 1933?

<p>The USSR faced economic challenges and hardships for many people. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of the text regarding the legacy of the USSR?

<p>The USSR's legacy remains a subject of debate and complex interpretations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is NOT supported by the text?

<p>The Bolsheviks successfully implemented socialist ideals within the USSR. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Bolsheviks' approach to the international socialist movement differ from those of existing socialist parties?

<p>The Bolsheviks sought to promote world revolution and a global socialist system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Source B, how did the Bolsheviks manage political activism?

<p>They strategically used a combination of legal and illegal methods to achieve their goals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the main reasons for the USSR's rapid industrial growth in the early 20th century?

<p>Centralized planning and a focus on heavy industry, even at the cost of consumer goods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what was the main reason for the decline in the reputation of the USSR as a socialist country?

<p>The USSR's authoritarian style of government and suppression of civil liberties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Bolsheviks influence political movements across the world?

<p>They inspired the formation of communist parties and spurred the world socialist movement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributed to the widespread famine that occurred under the rule of Stalin?

<p>The forced collectivization of agriculture and the dispossession of peasants. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social Change

Transformations in societal structures influenced by new ideas after the French Revolution.

Aristocracy

A social class of wealthy and powerful individuals who controlled economic and social power before the 18th century.

Liberals

Individuals advocating for tolerance of all religions and individual rights against government power.

Conservatives

Those who preferred gradual societal changes, resisting radical transformations.

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Radicals

People wanting a complete and immediate overhaul of the existing social order.

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Individual Rights

Rights that entitle individuals to freedom and protection from government interference.

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Responses to Change

Varied attitudes in Europe regarding societal transformation after the French Revolution.

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Socialism's Influence

A powerful ideology shaping society in the 20th century, primarily through the Russian Revolution.

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Russian Empire in 1914

A vast territory ruled by Tsar Nicholas II, including modern nations like Ukraine and Belarus.

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Majority Religion in Russia

The predominant faith in the Russian Empire was Russian Orthodox Christianity.

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Agricultural Majority

About 85% of the Russian population earned their living from agriculture.

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Industrialization Pockets

Certain areas like St Petersburg and Moscow had significant industrial activity.

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Working Conditions

Workers sometimes faced long hours, with a 15-hour workday in craft units.

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Worker Divisions

Workers in Russia were divided by skill and social connections to their villages.

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Peasant Land Ownership

Most land was owned by nobility, the crown, and the Orthodox Church, not peasants.

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Peasant Anger

Peasants often refused to pay rent and occasionally killed landlords.

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Russian Social Democratic Party

Founded in 1898, this party followed Marxist principles and organized strikes.

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Socialist Revolutionary Party

Formed in 1900, it advocated for peasant rights and land reform.

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Division Among Peasants

Lenin argued that peasants were not a unified group; social class affected their role.

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Market Production

Russian cultivators produced goods both for market sale and subsistence.

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Factory Supervision

The government oversaw large factories but had little power to enforce rules.

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Russian Revolution

Comprising the fall of the monarchy in February and the October Revolution in 1917.

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Social Change in Russia

Socialists and workers united to strike, demanding better conditions.

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February Revolution

The uprising that led to the abdication of the Tsar in February 1917.

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Petrograd Soviet

A council formed by soldiers and workers during the February Revolution.

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Provisional Government

Temporary government formed post-abdication of the Tsar in March 1917.

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April Theses

Lenin's demands for ending the war, land redistribution, and nationalizing banks.

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Bolshevik Party

A political party that advocated for a socialist revolution in Russia.

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Land Redistribution

The process of distributing land from the nobility to the peasants.

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Military Revolutionary Committee

Committee that organized the Bolshevik seizure of power in October 1917.

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October Uprising

The Bolshevik-led takeover of government in October 1917.

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Nationalization

The transfer of private industry and banks to government ownership.

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Russian Communist Party

The rebranded name of the Bolshevik Party in 1918.

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Constituent Assembly

Elected body that rejected Bolshevik measures in January 1918.

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Brest Litovsk Treaty

Peace treaty signed by Bolsheviks with Germany after World War I.

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Strikes and Mutinies

Workers and soldiers refusing orders, pivotal in revolutionary momentum.

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Soviet Elections

Elections held by Soviets without common systems across Russia.

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Demonstrators' Demands

Calls from protesters for bread, wages, hours, and democracy.

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Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik group advocating for a disciplined party structure.

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Bolsheviks vs Mensheviks

Bolsheviks wanted a disciplined party, Mensheviks an open party.

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1905 Revolution

An uprising in Russia against Tsarist autocracy leading to the Duma.

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Bloody Sunday

Incident where police attacked protesting workers, igniting the 1905 Revolution.

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Autocracy

A form of government where one person holds absolute power.

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Duma

An elected consultative parliament created after the 1905 Revolution.

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Strikes

Workers' actions demanding better wages and conditions during the 1905 Revolution.

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Union of Unions

An organization formed during the 1905 Revolution by professionals demanding reforms.

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Tsarina Alexandra

Wife of Tsar Nicholas II, criticized for her German origins.

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War's impact on Russia

WWI caused severe casualties and discredited the Russian government.

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Food shortages

Lack of essential goods in Petrograd leading to riots in 1917.

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Rasputin

Mystic advisor to Tsarina Alexandra, unpopular and viewed skeptically.

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Petrograd

Capital of Russia where significant revolutionary events unfolded in 1917.

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Labour shortages

Lack of workers due to conscription during WWI impacting industries.

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Industrial decline

Russia's industry suffered due to war, leading to shortages and closures.

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Representative Government

A government system where officials are elected to represent the people.

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Conservatism

A political ideology that values tradition and gradual change.

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Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid industrial growth transforming economies from agriculture to manufacturing.

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Socialism

An ideology opposing private property and advocating for collective ownership.

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Cooperatives

Businesses owned and operated by a group for mutual benefit.

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Karl Marx

Philosopher who argued that capitalism exploits workers and called for socialism.

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Friedrich Engels

Co-author of key socialist writings with Marx, focusing on class struggle.

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Second International

An international socialist organization formed to coordinate efforts of workers.

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Economic Inequality

Disparity in wealth and income among individuals in society.

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Workers' Rights

The rights and protections afforded to workers in the workplace.

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Nationalism

An ideology centered on the interests and culture of one's nation.

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Suffragette Movement

Campaigns aimed at securing the right to vote for women.

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Factory Conditions

The working environment in factories, often characterized by long hours and poor pay.

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Collectivization

A policy starting in 1929 to consolidate individual land and labor into collective farms in the Soviet Union.

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Bolshevik Uprising

The revolution on October 24, 1917, that led the Bolsheviks to seize power in Russia.

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Communal Dining Hall

A shared eating space where all members of a commune eat together, promoting equality.

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Indian Interest in Soviet Union

Many Indian leaders, inspired by the Russian Revolution, established the Communist Party in India in the 1920s.

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Formation of Comintern

Established in 1919, this organization aimed to promote worldwide communism.

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Social Democratic Workers Party

Created in 1898, this party followed Marxist ideology in Russia.

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Civil War in Russia

The conflict from 1918 to 1920 between the Red Army (Bolsheviks) and White Army (anti-Bolsheviks).

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Impact of Russian Revolution

Led to significant societal changes, inspiring political movements in other countries including India.

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One-Party State

A political system where only one political party is allowed to hold power.

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Bolshevik Control

The Bolsheviks consolidated power by controlling trade unions and suppressing dissent.

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Civil War (1918-1921)

A conflict between Bolsheviks ('Reds') and their opponents ('Whites' and 'Greens').

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Non-Bolshevik Groups

Opposition groups during the Civil War, including liberals and pro-Tsarist forces.

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Foreign Intervention

Allied nations supported anti-Bolshevik forces due to fears of socialism.

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Kolkhoz

Collective farms established in the USSR during collectivisation.

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Cheka

The first Soviet secret police agency, instrumental in suppressing dissent.

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Five Year Plans

State plans aimed at economic growth and industrialization in the USSR.

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Stalin’s Policies

Policies introduced by Stalin that included collectivisation and strict grain quotas.

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Art and Censorship

The tension between artistic expression and Bolshevik government censorship.

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National Autonomy

Policy granting some self-governance to non-Russian nationalities in the USSR.

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Redistribution of Land

Bolshevik promise that led to desertion in the army; land was to be shared among peasants.

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Economic Planning

State-led initiative to assess and direct production, as seen in Five Year Plans.

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Peasant Insurrections

Mass uprisings by peasants against government policies like collectivisation in Ukraine.

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Government Response

State actions taken against rebels, including arrests and executions during the peasant uprisings.

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Tax Burden

Heavy taxes imposed on peasants in Ukraine, leading to loss of property and livestock.

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February Revolution Date

The February Revolution is observed on March 12 in the Gregorian calendar.

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Role of Women in Revolution

Women led significant strikes and social movements during the February Revolution.

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Marfa Vasileva

A woman who inspired a successful strike at Lorenz telephone factory.

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Peasant Sentiments Post-Revolution

Peasants felt that the revolution would bring land freedom and end the war.

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Impact of the October Revolution

Change in social structure and economic control in rural Russia after 1917.

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Counter-Revolutionaries

Forces opposing the revolution, leading to poverty in society during the era.

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Peasant Letters

Letters written by peasants expressing their opposition to collectivisation and tax burdens.

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State Police Administration

The agency responsible for maintaining order and enforcing government policies in Ukraine.

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Soviet National Unity

The coming together of various nationalities in the USSR under a common revolutionary goal.

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The Famine of 1930-1933

A devastating famine in the Soviet Union resulting in over 4 million deaths due to poor harvests.

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Planned Economy Confusion

Criticism within the Communist Party regarding inefficiencies and confusion in production methods under the planned economy.

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Prison and Labour Camps

By 1939, over 2 million people were imprisoned or sent to labor camps, many falsely accused of crimes.

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False Confessions

Many individuals were forced to confess to crimes under torture during Stalin's regime.

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Global Influence of Bolshevism

The Bolshevik Revolution inspired the formation of communist parties around the world.

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Comintern

An international organization promoting Bolshevik ideology, formed by the Soviets to encourage global revolution.

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Education in the USSR

Non-Russians were educated in the USSR's Communist University to spread socialist ideas.

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Socialism's Declining Reputation

By the 1950s, the USSR's style of government was seen as inconsistent with socialist ideals.

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Repressive Policies

The USSR developed industries and agriculture through repression and denied fundamental freedoms.

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Central Asia Revolutionary Views

Revolution had contrasting effects on Central Asian peoples, initially seen as liberation, then as oppression.

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Shlyapnikov's Organizing Tactics

Meetings were organized spontaneously to discuss socialist ideas, often in defiance of authorities.

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Child Worker Letter

A letter from a 13-year-old highlighting the struggles of working children in Soviet Russia during the famine.

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Russian Revolution's Global Impact

Ignited enthusiasm for socialism worldwide, affecting local movements and ideologies.

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Kazakh Leader's Observation

Reflected on the repeated oppression of the Kirghiz people by new Soviet bureaucrats.

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Stalin's Accusations

Accusations of conspiracy against socialism were commonly used to silence critics during Stalin's regime.

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Study Notes

Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

  • Socialism emerged as a significant ideology in mid-19th century Europe.

  • Socialists opposed private property, viewing it as a root of social ills because it focused on individual gain over societal welfare.

  • Different socialist visions existed, including cooperatives (like Robert Owen's New Harmony) and government-incentivized cooperatives (like Louis Blanc's).

  • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels developed a theory of capitalist industrial society, arguing that workers must overthrow capitalism for a classless communist society.

The Russian Empire in 1914

  • Tsar Nicholas II ruled over a vast empire in 1914, encompassing diverse ethnicities and religions.

  • Agriculture dominated the Russian economy with 85% of the population involved in farming.

  • Pockets of industry existed (e.g., St. Petersburg and Moscow), but alongside craftsmen production.

Economy and Society in Pre-Revolution Russia

  • Industrial development increased in the 1890s, with foreign investment and railway expansion.

  • Workers were divided by skill, with differing levels of connection to villages. Women workers earned less than men.

  • Strikes were common, particularly in textile and metal industries.

  • Peasants faced land ownership issues, with nobles and the crown owning large properties, while peasants often resisted and clashed with landowners.

Socialism in Russia

  • The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party (RSDWP) was founded in 1898, adhering to Marxist ideas.

  • The Socialist Revolutionary Party focused on peasant rights and land redistribution.

The 1905 Revolution

  • The Bloody Sunday incident (1905) sparked widespread strikes and protests.

  • The Revolution led to the creation of the Duma (a consultative parliament), but limited political freedoms.

World War I and Russia

  • WWI severely impacted the Russian economy (labor shortages, breakdowns during war production, bread shortages).

  • The war’s failures severely damaged government confidence.

The February Revolution (1917)

  • Food shortages, cold winter and government repression triggered widespread protests, especially amongst women workers.

  • Soldiers refused to fire on protestors, turning against the Tsar.

  • The Tsar abdicated, leading to a Provisional Government.

After February 1917

  • The Provisional Government faced challenges from socialist groups like the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin.

  • Lenin's "April Theses" called for an end to the war, land redistribution, and nationalized banks.

The October Revolution (1917)

  • The Bolsheviks seized power in Petrograd, overthrowing the Provisional Government.

  • This was a complex event with military engagements and political maneuvering.

Post-October 1917

  • Bolsheviks implemented radical changes: nationalization of industries and banks, land redistribution.

  • This led to a civil war ('Reds' (Bolsheviks) versus 'Whites' (anti-Bolsheviks)).

  • Non-Russian nationalities were given autonomy within the USSR, but often faced additional control and repression.

The Five-Year Plans

  • The Bolshevik government implemented centralised planning and production targets for their economy.

  • The plans resulted in industrial growth, but with negative consequences including poor working conditions.

Stalinism and Collectivisation

  • Stalin's collectivization policies aimed to modernize farming through large, state-controlled farms.

  • Peasant resistance led to famine and widespread casualties.

  • Opposition to collectivization was repressed, and many individuals were persecuted or executed.

Global Influences of the Russian Revolution

  • The Russian Revolution inspired communist parties globally and spurred socialist movements in colonies.

  • The USSR's experience became a model for some, but its internal repression and restrictions caused criticism of its socialist practices.

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