Inclusion and Identity

• Individuals transition from being outsiders to insiders when they join a group
• People change their self-perception when they become part of a group and incorporate group attributes into their individual qualities

Inclusion & Identity

• Individuals move from isolation to inclusion when in a group
• They shift from individualism to collectivism
• Individual identity shifts towards forming social identity

Isolation to Inclusion

• There is a generalized human desire to connect and belong with others
• Dissatisfaction of desire to belong creates internal tension and a sense of want
• Social loneliness occurs when persons feel detached from acquaintance or friend networks
• Emotional loneliness arises from the absence of a meaningful, long-term intimate relationship
• Loneliness has cognitive and emotional effects, including sadness, boredom, and self-deprecation, that occur when personal relationships are less than satisfying
• Degrees of separation in social network analysis refers to the number of connections needed to link one person to another in a network

Individualism to Collectivism

• Individualism emphasizes an individual’s rights, independence, and relationships with others
• Collectivism focuses on the importance of a group or community rather than any one individual
• Exchange Relationships emphasizes trading experiences and rewards among members
• Communal Relationships focuses on fulfilling the needs and interests of others over maximizing personal outcomes
• Norm of Reciprocity dictates that individuals should pay back what they receive from others
• Group Culture are the shared beliefs, knowledge, language, rituals, rules, norms and customs of a group
• Ultimatum game is an experiments that gauges the division of bargaining situation in the which individuals must propose share resources, if rejected nobody receives any resources
• Social goals within collectivism require a desire to cooperate with others
• Equity Norm encourages reward and resource distribution based on member contributions
• Equality Norm calls for equal reward and resource distribution among all members

Personality Identity to Social Identity

• Social Identity Theory, a person will favor their group than groups they do not belong to
• Social Categorization is the perceptual label that separates people into inclusive groups
• Social Identification involves bonding with the identity they belong to

Formation

• Groups are formed to address joining groups, affiliation issues, and attraction issues

Joining Groups

• Personality matters, including the traits a person has, type of personality, and multiple intelligences
• The need for affiliation (inclusion), intimacy (emotional connection), and control (power) are the social motivations
• Large groups with a task focus are more often men, where smaller intimate groups are more often women
• There are anxieties around social acceptance and attachment like fear of rejection, missing out and pleasing people
• Preoccupied attachment- seeks out membership while worrying about it
• Fearful attachment- self conscious
• Secure attachment- self confident
• Dismissing attachment- uninterested
• Experiences and interests matter like opportunity to join new group or interests (hilig)

Affiliation

• Affiliation is a sense of inclusion, and feeling of belonging
• Social comparison is the evaluation of a person's beliefs and attitude, using Leon Festinger's theory to seek company in difficult situations
• Social support is the sense of tangible and emotional belonging and advice given to others in difficult situations
• Companionship is a way to turn to groups and avoid loneliness
• Downward social comparison, comparing to someone worse (“I’m better than..”)
• Upward social comparison, comparing to someone effective (sense of motivation)

Attraction

• Attraction transforms situations into friendships, and attracts shared interests
• The Principle of attraction includes proximity, elaboration, similarity, complementary, reciprocity, and minimax cost benefit analyses
• Economics of Membership include a comparison level to evaluate the quality of relationship, and a comparison level for alternatives to evaluate the quality of other groups

Cohesion and Development

• Groups change over time
• Cohesion and commitment eb and flow with time, and the group's influence over its members rises and falls

Nature of Cohesion

• Cohesion exist if and only if, a group exists
• Members enjoy interacting with each other, morale is high and unified
• Members remain and are unified for extended periods
• Cohesion is a diverse process
• Lacking cohesion puts the group at risk because members may begin to drift away

Core Concepts of Cohesion

• Cohesion helps measure; attraction among members, attraction of members towards the group, belonging & morale, forces acting on the individual , tendency to form & be together, and teamwork & trust

Components of Cohesion

• Social cohesion relates to how strongly members in a group can connect and be attractive to each other
• Members enjoy each other's company, and it enhances group unity
• Task cohesion is a commitment among members to achieve goals
• Members are motivated by a common objective towards coordinated efforts
• Collective efficacy is how a group can believe in its ability to organize actions in a collective
• Where Self efficacy focuses on individual competence and capability
• Collective cohesion is unity based in a shared sense of belonging
• It reinforces their commitment
• Emotional cohesion is group shared feelings
• It bolsters bonds between members
• Structural cohesion is the normative relationship to form cohesion
• Well defined roles create stability and coherence

Antecedent of Cohesion

• Interpersonal Attraction turns groups into cohesive entities and occurs when members are attracted to one another
• Stability of Membership leads to cohesiveness that has an increasing length that members stay in the group
• Open groups have membership variations, where closed groups have stable and fixed memberships
• Decreasing Group Size can quickly increase relationships because members are no longer able to positively connect with all other members

Structural Features of Cohesion

• Structured cohesion and group tend to associated with each other more than certain structures

Initiations for Cohesion

• There must be meet before an individual can membership in a group for Formal/Informal requirements
• It strengthen the bond between members in every group
• and making them prestige.
• stringent membership requirement are group hamper
• This allows strict groups to properly screen worthy members
• Cognitive Dissonance is when conflicts occur in the process of cohesion
• Initiations will increase prospective members commitment

Indicators of Cohesion

• Social network methods include observational strategy of interpersonal relations conflict and work ethic
• Subjectively, cohesion can be from attraction and the sense of unity at individual perspective
• Hazing in practice by some groups is a right of passage ritual

Cohesion and Commitment Over Time

• Groups develop and move through consistent pattern and dissolution where theoriticians can be at odds but agree with the various phases that the group is in

Stages of Group Development

• During Orientation, the forming processes include member acceptance
• Communications tentative and members a compliant
• Conflict storms, the disaggrement process
• Hostility in attendance and polarization
• Structure is the growth if unity
• Agreement on processes with reduction of "we-feeling "
• Perform based on goal
• Problem solving and cooperation
• Adjournment when Dissolution terminates responsibilties
• Increased emotionality

Cycles of Group Development

• Linear Development does not apply, cycles of cohesion can vary by skipping stages
• Continuous development can include groups going through all sorts of stages over time Equilibrium models require a balance to maintain group effectiveness
• This may include phases of working on tasks and phases of building cohesion
• Punctuated Equilibrium Model involves progressive periods and shifts

Consequences of Cohesion

• A cohesive group is something of a 'purr' in nature
• Cohesion affects group dynamics and performance in + and- ways

Member Satisfaction & Adjustment

• Satisfaction occurs when members are cohesive
• Cohesion also creates healthier stress free workplace

Group Dynamics and Influence

• Cohesion intensify internal and external of a group

Group Productivity

• Performance increase along with cohesion which causally connects
• Enhanced coordination happens with cohesive groups

Structure

• Involves norms, roles, and intermember relations
• Group structures, encompass rules, communication patterns and overall order to help analyze behavior

Norms

• Norms are unspoken governing behavioral guidelines for groups and societies
• They bring order and minimize conflict within group dynamics
• Prescriptive Norms: An understanding about what behavior is preferable, positively sanctioned
• Proscriptive Norms: An understanding what behavior is prohibited, negatively sanctioned
• Descriptive norms are the standards of shared feeling and thinking in a situation
• Injunctive norms are rules about the standard in every situation
• The Development of Norms are the explicit or implicit norms of discussions group adopt

Role Ambiguity In groups

• The lack of clarity in behavior of a role, consensus for that behavior or general uncertainty
• Interrole Conflict is the expectations of that members role is consistent
• Role Conflict: Inconsistent, distress, uncertainty cause inconsistent or discord
• Intrarole Conflict cause incongruous with the behaviors that are up set in an expectation for the group or party

Status network

A hierarchy and order of respect among member is held by people with expertise

• well balance structure helps efficiency but with low amount of trust, communication and cooperation

Attract network

Relationship that bases itself on mutual like, emotionally bonds of that the unit

• unity, work that play it with strong force but in it that structure can be lack cohesion by and large