Incentives and Behavior Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the three types of needs discussed by Reeve in the text?

Biological, psychological, and social (correct)

Physical, psychological, and cognitive

Physical, emotional, and social

Biological, emotional, and cognitive

Which of the following is NOT an example of a psychological need?

Need for achievement

Sense of belonging

Competence

Need for food (correct)

What is the relationship between needs and motivation?

Needs and motivation are not related

Motivation generates needs, wants, and desires that lead to behavior

Needs generate wants, desires, and aspirations that motivate behavior (correct)

Motivation is a byproduct of needs being met

What are cognitive sources of motivation?

Beliefs, expectations, and self-concept Signup and view all the answers

What are emotions according to Reeve?

Multidimensional subjective-physiological-functional-expressive phenomena Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes primary appraisal?

Determining an individual's physical or psychological wellbeing Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of secondary appraisal?

Assessing possible harm, benefit, or threat associated with a particular goal Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between cognition and emotion?

Cognition and emotion are reciprocally related Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of social environments in motivation?

Social environments can create opportunities for negative motivation Signup and view all the answers

What is emotional socialisation?

The process of learning to regulate one's emotions Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of motive according to the text?

An inner drive that causes or compels a person to act Signup and view all the answers

What are internal motives according to the text?

Factors inside the individual, such as needs, desires, and interests Signup and view all the answers

What do external events refer to according to the text?

Environmental, social, and cultural sources of motivation Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of needs according to the text?

Conditions within the individual which are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and for the nurturance of growth and wellbeing Signup and view all the answers

What do cognitions refer to according to the text?

Mental (intellectual) events, such as thought, beliefs, expectations, and an individual's self-concept Signup and view all the answers

According to Armstrong (2003:216), what are the three components of motivation?

Direction, effort, and persistence Signup and view all the answers

What are the three groups of motivation theories, as described by the text?

Instrumental, content, and process theories Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of Maslow's theory of motivation?

A hierarchy of needs Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between motive and intention, according to Tebit (2005:169)?

Motive is an indicator of guilt while intention is a condition of guilt Signup and view all the answers

What role do cognitive processes play in motivation, according to the text?

Cognition involves thought, judgement, interpretation, and understanding in the choice of aims Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct distinction between motive and intent?

Motive implies the presence of a design or plan for achieving a specific goal, while intent is the purpose of applying a particular means in order to obtain a definite outcome. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a positive and a negative incentive?

Positive incentives are rewards that function in a motivating way, while negative incentives describe the outcomes an individual seeks to attain. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a negative incentive?

A large sum of money promised to another person to kill someone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an external event and a general situation?

External events include specific environmental stimuli, while general situations include culture. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to distinguish between motive and intent?

To determine what type of crime the person should be found guilty of. Signup and view all the answers

According to Reeve (2009), which of the following is NOT one of the four interrelated aspects of experience that emotions organise and orchestrate?

Cognition Signup and view all the answers

Which component of emotion gives it its subjective experience that has both meaning and personal significance?

Feeling component Signup and view all the answers

What is the link between motivation and emotion?

Emotion can create a motivational desire to do something Signup and view all the answers

What is the social-expressive component of emotion?

The communicative aspect of emotion through postures, gestures, voice, and facial expressions Signup and view all the answers

Why do some criminologists consider the lack of functioning social emotions to be more concerning than the lack of rationality?

Because social emotions are part of what is known as the conscience, and the lack of this bite grants criminals permission to prey on others Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Types of Needs

Three types of needs include physiological, psychological, and social needs.
Psychological needs consist of autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

Psychological Needs

An example of a psychological need is self-esteem.
Internal motives emerge from psychological needs, contrasting with external events.

Relationship Between Needs and Motivation

Needs drive motivation, influencing behavior towards fulfillment.
Unmet needs lead to increased motivation to satisfy them.

Cognitive Sources of Motivation

Cognitions include beliefs, attitudes, and expectations that influence motivation.
They help shape goals and determine the likelihood of success.

Emotions

Emotions are responses to significant internal or external events, impacting both cognition and behavior.
They facilitate decision-making and social interactions.

Appraisal Processes

Primary appraisal assesses the significance of an event for well-being.
Secondary appraisal evaluates coping options and resources available to handle the situation.

Cognition and Emotion

Cognition and emotion are interconnected; thoughts can influence feelings and vice versa.
Cognitive appraisal plays a critical role in emotional responses.

Social environments shape motivation by providing support and social norms.
They can enhance or undermine an individual’s sense of belonging and competence.

Emotional Socialization

Emotional socialization refers to how individuals learn to understand and express emotions within a social context.
It influences emotional development and regulation.

Definition of Motive

A motive is an internal driver that compels action towards achieving a goal.
It reflects personal desires and aspirations.

Internal and External Motives

Internal motives arise from personal experiences and emotional states.
External events include stimuli or situations that can influence motivation indirectly.

Definition of Needs

Needs are basic psychological or physiological requirements essential for well-being and functioning.
They prompt action when unmet.

Cognitions

Cognitions are mental processes involving knowledge, understanding, and interpretations that affect behavior and motivation.

Components of Motivation

According to Armstrong, components of motivation include direction, intensity, and persistence.

Groups of Motivation Theories

Three groups of motivation theories are content theories, process theories, and reinforcement theories.

Maslow's Theory of Motivation

Maslow's hierarchy of needs posits that individuals are motivated by a series of ascending needs, starting from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.

Motive vs. Intention

A motive is a reason for action whereas intention refers to the planned commitment to act.
Intentions are shaped by motives but can vary based on circumstances.

Cognitive Processes in Motivation

Cognitive processes help analyze situations and inform decisions, directly impacting motivation.

Positive vs. Negative Incentives

Positive incentives encourage behavior through rewards, while negative incentives discourage behavior through punishment.
A negative incentive is losing privileges for poor performance.

External Events vs. General Situations

An external event is a specific occurrence that can trigger a response, while a general situation is broader and less defined.

Importance of Distinguishing Motive and Intent

Distinguishing between motive and intent helps clarify an individual’s motivations and actions in various contexts.

Aspects of Emotional Experience

Four interrelated aspects of experience that emotions organize are subjective experience, physiological responses, expressive behavior, and action tendencies.

Subjective Experience of Emotion

The subjective experience provides personal significance and meaning, influencing how emotions are perceived.

Link Between Motivation and Emotion

Motivation and emotion are closely linked; emotions can drive motivation and motivate specific behaviors.

The social-expressive component involves how emotions are conveyed and interpreted in social interactions, impacting relationships.

Some criminologists argue that deficiencies in social emotions can indicate deeper psychological issues, potentially leading to problematic behaviors beyond mere rationality.

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Description

Test your knowledge on incentives and their effects on behavior with this quiz. Learn about positive and negative incentives and how they motivate individuals towards achieving their goals.