30 Questions
What are the three types of needs discussed by Reeve in the text?
Biological, psychological, and social
Which of the following is NOT an example of a psychological need?
Need for food
What is the relationship between needs and motivation?
Needs generate wants, desires, and aspirations that motivate behavior
What are cognitive sources of motivation?
Beliefs, expectations, and self-concept
What are emotions according to Reeve?
Multidimensional subjective-physiological-functional-expressive phenomena
Which of the following best describes primary appraisal?
Determining an individual's physical or psychological wellbeing
What is the focus of secondary appraisal?
Assessing possible harm, benefit, or threat associated with a particular goal
What is the relationship between cognition and emotion?
Cognition and emotion are reciprocally related
What is the role of social environments in motivation?
Social environments can create opportunities for negative motivation
What is emotional socialisation?
The process of learning to regulate one's emotions
What is the definition of motive according to the text?
An inner drive that causes or compels a person to act
What are internal motives according to the text?
Factors inside the individual, such as needs, desires, and interests
What do external events refer to according to the text?
Environmental, social, and cultural sources of motivation
What is the definition of needs according to the text?
Conditions within the individual which are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and for the nurturance of growth and wellbeing
What do cognitions refer to according to the text?
Mental (intellectual) events, such as thought, beliefs, expectations, and an individual's self-concept
According to Armstrong (2003:216), what are the three components of motivation?
Direction, effort, and persistence
What are the three groups of motivation theories, as described by the text?
Instrumental, content, and process theories
What is the basis of Maslow's theory of motivation?
A hierarchy of needs
What is the difference between motive and intention, according to Tebit (2005:169)?
Motive is an indicator of guilt while intention is a condition of guilt
What role do cognitive processes play in motivation, according to the text?
Cognition involves thought, judgement, interpretation, and understanding in the choice of aims
Which of the following is a correct distinction between motive and intent?
Motive implies the presence of a design or plan for achieving a specific goal, while intent is the purpose of applying a particular means in order to obtain a definite outcome.
What is the difference between a positive and a negative incentive?
Positive incentives are rewards that function in a motivating way, while negative incentives describe the outcomes an individual seeks to attain.
What is an example of a negative incentive?
A large sum of money promised to another person to kill someone.
What is the difference between an external event and a general situation?
External events include specific environmental stimuli, while general situations include culture.
Why is it important to distinguish between motive and intent?
To determine what type of crime the person should be found guilty of.
According to Reeve (2009), which of the following is NOT one of the four interrelated aspects of experience that emotions organise and orchestrate?
Cognition
Which component of emotion gives it its subjective experience that has both meaning and personal significance?
Feeling component
What is the link between motivation and emotion?
Emotion can create a motivational desire to do something
What is the social-expressive component of emotion?
The communicative aspect of emotion through postures, gestures, voice, and facial expressions
Why do some criminologists consider the lack of functioning social emotions to be more concerning than the lack of rationality?
Because social emotions are part of what is known as the conscience, and the lack of this bite grants criminals permission to prey on others
Test your knowledge on incentives and their effects on behavior with this quiz. Learn about positive and negative incentives and how they motivate individuals towards achieving their goals.
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