Incentives and Behavior Quiz

Types of Needs

• Three types of needs include physiological, psychological, and social needs.
• Psychological needs consist of autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

Psychological Needs

• An example of a psychological need is self-esteem.
• Internal motives emerge from psychological needs, contrasting with external events.

Relationship Between Needs and Motivation

• Needs drive motivation, influencing behavior towards fulfillment.
• Unmet needs lead to increased motivation to satisfy them.

Cognitive Sources of Motivation

• Cognitions include beliefs, attitudes, and expectations that influence motivation.
• They help shape goals and determine the likelihood of success.

Emotions

• Emotions are responses to significant internal or external events, impacting both cognition and behavior.
• They facilitate decision-making and social interactions.

Appraisal Processes

• Primary appraisal assesses the significance of an event for well-being.
• Secondary appraisal evaluates coping options and resources available to handle the situation.

Cognition and Emotion

• Cognition and emotion are interconnected; thoughts can influence feelings and vice versa.
• Cognitive appraisal plays a critical role in emotional responses.

Role of Social Environments

• Social environments shape motivation by providing support and social norms.
• They can enhance or undermine an individual’s sense of belonging and competence.

Emotional Socialization

• Emotional socialization refers to how individuals learn to understand and express emotions within a social context.
• It influences emotional development and regulation.

Definition of Motive

• A motive is an internal driver that compels action towards achieving a goal.
• It reflects personal desires and aspirations.

Internal and External Motives

• Internal motives arise from personal experiences and emotional states.
• External events include stimuli or situations that can influence motivation indirectly.

Definition of Needs

• Needs are basic psychological or physiological requirements essential for well-being and functioning.
• They prompt action when unmet.

Cognitions

• Cognitions are mental processes involving knowledge, understanding, and interpretations that affect behavior and motivation.

Components of Motivation

• According to Armstrong, components of motivation include direction, intensity, and persistence.

Groups of Motivation Theories

• Three groups of motivation theories are content theories, process theories, and reinforcement theories.

Maslow's Theory of Motivation

• Maslow's hierarchy of needs posits that individuals are motivated by a series of ascending needs, starting from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.

Motive vs. Intention

• A motive is a reason for action whereas intention refers to the planned commitment to act.
• Intentions are shaped by motives but can vary based on circumstances.

Cognitive Processes in Motivation

• Cognitive processes help analyze situations and inform decisions, directly impacting motivation.

Positive vs. Negative Incentives

• Positive incentives encourage behavior through rewards, while negative incentives discourage behavior through punishment.
• A negative incentive is losing privileges for poor performance.

External Events vs. General Situations

• An external event is a specific occurrence that can trigger a response, while a general situation is broader and less defined.

Importance of Distinguishing Motive and Intent

• Distinguishing between motive and intent helps clarify an individual’s motivations and actions in various contexts.

Aspects of Emotional Experience

• Four interrelated aspects of experience that emotions organize are subjective experience, physiological responses, expressive behavior, and action tendencies.

Subjective Experience of Emotion

• The subjective experience provides personal significance and meaning, influencing how emotions are perceived.

Link Between Motivation and Emotion

• Motivation and emotion are closely linked; emotions can drive motivation and motivate specific behaviors.

Social-Expressive Component of Emotion

• The social-expressive component involves how emotions are conveyed and interpreted in social interactions, impacting relationships.

Social Emotions and Rationality

• Some criminologists argue that deficiencies in social emotions can indicate deeper psychological issues, potentially leading to problematic behaviors beyond mere rationality.

Test your knowledge on incentives and their effects on behavior with this quiz. Learn about positive and negative incentives and how they motivate individuals towards achieving their goals.