Motivation and Drive: Understanding Human Needs

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What is a key characteristic of a personality trait according to the chapter?

It is only expressed in specific situations
It is consistently expressed across different situations (correct)
It is only a temporary behavior
It is unique to a particular culture

Which of the Big Five personality traits is associated with being organized and reliable?

Conscientiousness (correct)
Agreeableness
Extraversion
Openness

According to the psychodynamic perspective, what is the role of the ego?

To internalize morals and norms of society
To monitor and control behavior
To perceive and interact with the outside world (correct)
To express impulses and desires

What is the purpose of defense mechanisms in the psychodynamic perspective?

To deny or distort reality in some way (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between central traits and secondary traits?

Central traits are more important, while secondary traits are less important (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of measuring personality mentioned in the chapter?

Self-reports (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving force behind human behavior according to the concept of internal motivation?

Unfulfilled human fundamental needs (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which level is most focused on personal growth and fulfillment?

Self-Actualization (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the state of physiological or psychological balance or equilibrium?

Homeostasis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the parasympathetic system in emotions?

Returning the body to a relaxed state (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the conscious awareness of an emotion?

Subjective experience (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the two-factor theory of emotion?

Cognitive interpretation and emotional labeling (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying assumption of environmental therapies?

People's actions are based on learning, conditioning, and past experiences (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of token economies in therapy?

To increase desirable behavior through reinforcement (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of systematic desensitization in therapy?

To help individuals overcome phobias through gradual exposure (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of thinking is characterized by extreme and absolute attitudes?

Black-and-white thinking (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reinforcement in environmental therapies?

To increase desirable behavior (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency to attribute another person's behavior to their internal disposition?

Fundamental attribution error (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help another person in need when other bystanders are present?

Bystander effect (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for when people adjust their behaviors, opinions, or feelings to what others are doing or adhere to cultural norms?

Conformity (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon where people in a group stop thinking critically?

Group think (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for when a person is less likely to take responsibility for an action or inaction when others are present?

Diffusion of responsibility (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the study where participants conformed to the majority's incorrect answer in a 'vision test'?

Asch line estimation study (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of social influence involves conforming because we believe others know something we don’t?

Informational social influence (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for behavior, thoughts, or feelings that differ from the norm?

Deviance (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a cluster of related symptoms?

Syndrome (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the bio-psycho-social model of psychological disorders?

Mental disorders are caused by the interaction of biological, psychological, and environmental risk factors (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

Excessive and chronic worry (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of panic disorder?

Recurrent and terrifying panic attacks (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

Presence of two or more identities or personalities (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of social anxiety disorder (social phobia)?

Fear of being judged (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Compelling need to perform ritualistic, repetitive behavior (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of depression (Major Depressive Disorder – MDD)?

Pervasive low mood, lack of motivation, and feelings of worthlessness (B) Signup and view all the answers