Motivation and Emotion Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the process that starts, directs, and continues activities to meet needs or wants?

Motivation

Define the type of motivation that leads to an outcome that is separate from the person.

Extrinsic motivation

What kind of motivation arises from the satisfaction of the act itself?

Intrinsic motivation

What are biologically determined patterns of behavior in both humans and animals?

<p>Instincts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approach to motivation that believes humans are governed by instincts similar to those of animals?

<p>Instinct approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for the survival of an organism?

<p>Need</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the psychological tension and physical arousal caused by an unmet need?

<p>Drive</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory of motivation assumes that behavior is driven by physiological needs that cause internal drives to reduce tension and arousal?

<p>Drive-reduction theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are drives that involve the basic needs of the body, such as hunger and thirst?

<p>Primary drives</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of drives are learned through experience and conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval?

<p>Acquired (secondary) drives</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state.

<p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a motive that appears unlearned but leads to an increase in stimulation?

<p>Stimulus motive</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory of motivation states that individuals seek an optimal level of tension that they maintain by adjusting stimulation?

<p>Arousal theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What law describes the relationship between arousal and performance, stating that moderate levels lead to better performance than low or high levels?

<p>Yerkes-Dodson Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are things that attract or entice people into action?

<p>Incentives</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of theories of motivation explain behavior as a response to external stimuli and their rewarding properties?

<p>Incentive approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow, what is the point at which people have fulfilled their lower needs and achieved their full human potential?

<p>Self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific weight level that the body naturally tries to maintain?

<p>Weight set point</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rate at which the body burns energy while resting?

<p>Basal metabolic rate (BMR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the feeling aspect of consciousness, characterized by physical arousal, outward behavior, and inner awareness of feelings.

<p>Emotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory of emotion proposes that a physiological reaction precedes the labeling of an emotion, meaning "I am afraid because I am shaking"?

<p>James-Lange theory of emotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory states that the physiological reaction and emotional experience happen simultaneously, meaning "I am shaking and afraid at the same time"?

<p>Cannon-Bard theory of emotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory of emotion emphasizes both physical arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal based on environmental cues, meaning "That huge bear is dangerous and that makes me feel afraid"?

<p>Schachter's cognitive arousal theory/Singer and Schachter's Two-Factor Theory of Emotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the humanist theory of motivation that suggests we must fulfill lower-level needs before achieving personal fulfillment and self-actualization?

<p>Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the hypothalamus stops the eating response and signals fullness?

<p>Ventromedial hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the hypothalamus initiates the eating response and signals hunger?

<p>Lateral hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the desire for significant accomplishment and mastery of things, people, or ideas?

<p>Achievement motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience is known as what?

<p>Adaptation-Level Phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a system that electronically records, amplifies, and feeds back information regarding subtle physiological states, such as blood pressure or muscle tension.

<p>Biofeedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for emotional release, often associated with venting or expressing pent-up emotions?

<p>Catharsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the methods we use to alleviate stress, whether emotional, cognitive, or behavioral?

<p>Coping</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the coping strategy that involves avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to our emotional needs related to the stress?

<p>Emotion-focused coping</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the female sex hormone?

<p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the tendency to be helpful when in a good mood?

<p>Feel-good, do-good phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a state of complete immersion and focus in an activity, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of skills?

<p>Flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the model that describes the body's response to chronic stress, including the alarm, resistance, and exhaustion phases?

<p>General adaptation syndrome (GAS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a simple sugar that is an important source of energy?

<p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What subfield of psychology contributes to behavioral medicine by investigating the link between psychology and health?

<p>Health psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a machine that measures physiological responses associated with emotion, often used to detect lies?

<p>Polygraph</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the coping strategy that involves directly changing the stressor or our interaction with the stressor?

<p>Problem-focused coping</p> Signup and view all the answers

What field of study investigates how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes interact to influence the immune system and overall health?

<p>Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension or certain headaches?

<p>Psychophysiological illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the resting period after orgasm during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm?

<p>Refractory period</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the perception that one is worse off compared to those they compare themselves with?

<p>Relative deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.

<p>Sexual disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an enduring sexual attraction towards members of one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)?

<p>Sexual orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson, including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution?

<p>Sexual response cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of leadership focuses on building teamwork, mediating conflicts, and offering support?

<p>Social leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a nonspecific, emotional response to real or imagined challenges or threats, resulting from a cognitive appraisal by the individual.

<p>Stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a structured interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions to all applicants, with ratings based on established scales?

<p>Structured interviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life, often used alongside objective well-being measures?

<p>Subjective well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of leadership is goal-oriented, focusing on setting standards, organizing work, and directing attention to goals?

<p>Task leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the male sex hormone, playing a role in the development of male sexual characteristics?

<p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What personality type is characterized by being competitive, hard-driving, impatient, and prone to anger?

<p>Type A</p> Signup and view all the answers

Characterized by being easygoing and relaxed, this personality type contrasts with Type A.

<p>Type B</p> Signup and view all the answers

Known for his work on the unconscious mind, who is considered the father of psychoanalysis?

<p>Sigmund Freud</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory developed by Freud attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior?

<p>Psychoanalytic theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What level of the mind contains thoughts, feelings, memories, and information that is not easily accessible to consciousness?

<p>Unconscious mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Freud's theory, what is the reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic drives, operating on the pleasure principle?

<p>Id</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of personality represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and aspirations?

<p>Superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Freud's theory, which part of personality acts as the mediator between the demands of the Id, Superego, and reality, operating on the reality principle?

<p>Ego</p> Signup and view all the answers

In psychoanalysis, what method involves exploring the unconscious by having the person relax and freely say whatever comes to mind?

<p>Free association</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process proposed by Freud describes the development of pleasure-seeking urges focusing on different erogenous zones as humans progress through five stages of life?

<p>Psychosexual development</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality according to psychoanalytic theory?

<p>Defense mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history?

<p>Collective unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Adler, what is a basic feeling of inadequacy stemming from childhood experiences?

<p>Inferiority complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of personality tests, such as the Rorschach or TAT, use ambiguous stimuli to trigger projections of inner dynamics?

<p>Projective tests: TAT &amp; Rorschach</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historically significant perspective emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth?

<p>Humanistic psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "Who am I?"?

<p>Self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the state of congruence in Carl Rogers's self-concept theory, where the real self and ideal self merge together?

<p>Congruence</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Rogers's theory, what is an attitude of total acceptance toward another person, regardless of their behavior or flaws?

<p>Unconditional positive regard</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the ability to understand and share the feelings of another?

<p>Empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theoretical views emphasize that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions (traits) that lead to characteristic responses?

<p>Trait theories</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test, used to identify dimensions of performance underlying a total score?

<p>Factor analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of psychological test involves comparing a person's responses to standardized questions to established norms, like the MMPI?

<p>Self-report inventory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five broad personality traits often used to describe and measure personality, often referred to as OCEAN?

<p>Big Five Personality Traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory describes the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment?

<p>Reciprocal determinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your control determine your fate?

<p>External locus of control</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the perception that you control your own fate and determine your own outcomes?

<p>Internal locus of control</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to one's sense of competence and effectiveness in a particular situation?

<p>Self-efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conflict arises from having to choose between two attractive alternatives?

<p>Approach-approach conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conflict occurs when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects?

<p>Approach-avoidance conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conflict is a result of having to choose between two undesirable alternatives?

<p>Avoidance-avoidance conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

Our feelings of high or low self-worth are reflected in what?

<p>Self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are models of people, behaviors, or personalities according to Carl Jung?

<p>Archetypes (Carl Jung)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define emotionally charged networks of ideas, often stemming from unresolved conflicts, as used in Jungian psychology.

<p>Complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the tendency for people to see themselves in vague, generalized descriptions of personality?

<p>Barnum effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity?

<p>Temperament</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to William Sheldon's theory, what is the idea that body type influences personality?

<p>Somatotype theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued.

<p>Motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation and Emotion

  • Motivation: The process that starts, directs, and continues behavior to meet physical and psychological needs or wants.
  • Extrinsic Motivation: Performing an action for an outcome separate from the action itself.
  • Intrinsic Motivation: Performing an action for the inherent satisfaction or reward of the action.
  • Instincts: Innate, biologically determined behavioral patterns in both humans and animals.
  • Instinct Approach: A theory suggesting behavior is driven by instincts similar to those in animals.
  • Need: A requirement essential for an organism's survival.
  • Drive: A psychological tension and physical arousal caused by a need, motivating action to satisfy the need and reduce tension.
  • Primary Drives: Bodily needs like hunger and thirst.
  • Acquired (Secondary) Drives: Learned drives like the need for money or social approval.
  • Homeostasis: The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal environment.
  • Stimulus Motive: An unlearned motive that increases stimulation, such as curiosity.
  • Arousal Theory: The theory that people seek to maintain an optimal level of tension or arousal.
  • Yerkes-Dodson Law: Performance is best at moderate arousal levels, affected by task difficulty (easy = high-moderate, difficult = low-moderate).
  • Incentives: Things that attract or encourage action.
  • Incentive Approaches: Motivational theories explaining behavior as responses to external stimuli and their rewarding properties.
  • Self-Actualization: Reaching one's full potential, according to Maslow.
  • Weight Set Point: The body's preferred weight.
  • Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): The energy the body burns at rest.

Emotion

  • Emotion: Feelings characterized by physiological arousal, observable behavior, and inner awareness of feelings.
  • James-Lange Theory: Physiological reaction precedes the labeling of an emotion.
  • Cannon-Bard Theory: Physiological reaction and emotion occur simultaneously.
  • Schachter's Cognitive Arousal Theory/Singer and Schachter's Two-Factor Theory: Emotion is a function of both physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal based on environmental cues.
  • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: A humanistic theory of motivation, prioritizing needs from basic physiological needs to self-actualization (Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and Love, Esteem, Cognitive, Self-Actualization).
  • Ventromedial Hypothalamus: Inhibits eating; damage leads to overeating.
  • Lateral Hypothalamus: Initiates eating; damage leads to starvation.
  • Achievement Motivation: The desire for success and accomplishment.
  • Adaptation-Level Phenomenon: Judging things (sounds, lights, income) relative to our prior experiences.
  • Biofeedback: A system for recording and providing feedback on physiological states.
  • Catharsis: Emotional release.
  • Coping: Methods for managing stress (emotional, cognitive, behavioral).
  • Emotion-Focused Coping: Reducing stress by ignoring or avoiding a stressor and addressing emotional needs.
  • Problem-Focused Coping: Addressing a stressor directly.
  • Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI): The study of the interaction between psychological processes, the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the immune system.
  • Psychophysiological Illness: Stress-related physical illnesses.

Personality

  • Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud): Explaining personality, motivation, and mental disorders through unconscious determinants.
  • Unconscious Mind: Part of the mind containing thoughts, feelings, and memories not readily accessible.
  • Id: The part of personality seeking immediate gratification of basic needs (pleasure principle).
  • Superego: The part of personality representing internalized ideals and standards/conscience.
  • Ego: The part of personality mediating between the id and the external world (reality principle).
  • Free Association: A psychoanalytic technique where a person says whatever comes to mind.
  • Psychosexual Development (Freud): Stages of development where pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones.
  • Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious strategies to reduce anxiety.
  • Collective Unconscious (Jung): A shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.
  • Inferiority Complex (Adler): A feeling of inadequacy stemming from childhood experiences.
  • Projective Tests (TAT & Rorschach): Personality tests using ambiguous stimuli to reveal inner dynamics.
  • Humanistic Psychology: Focuses on human growth potential and individual potential.
  • Self-Concept: Our thoughts and feelings about ourselves.
  • Congruence: Real self and ideal self alignment.
  • Unconditional Positive Regard: Total acceptance of another person.
  • Empathy: Understanding and sharing feelings.
  • Trait Theories: Personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions.
  • Factor Analysis: Identifying clusters of related items on a test.
  • Self-Report Inventory: Personality test with standardized questions.
  • Big Five Personality Traits (OCEAN): Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
  • Reciprocal Determinism: Interaction of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.
  • External Locus of Control: The belief that chance or outside factors control fate.
  • Internal Locus of Control: The belief that one controls their own fate.
  • Self-Efficacy: Belief in one's ability to succeed.
  • Conflicts (Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance, Avoidance-Avoidance): Types of conflicts involving choices between options with positive/negative aspects.
  • Self-Esteem: Feelings of self-worth.
  • Archetypes (Jung): Universal, symbolic representations of a person, behavior, or personality.
  • Complexes (Jung): Emotionally charged networks of thoughts and feelings.
  • Barnum Effect: Acceptance of vague personality descriptions as accurate.
  • Temperament: Emotional reactivity and intensity.
  • Somatotype Theory (Sheldon): Theory linking body type to personality, no longer scientifically valid.

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Test your knowledge on key concepts of motivation and emotion, including intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, instincts, and drives. This quiz covers various theories and definitions essential for understanding human behavior. Perfect for students studying psychology!

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