Questions and Answers
What is the Primacy Effect in impression formation?
Attending to the first pieces of information about a person
What is an example of the Attribution of Control bias mentioned in the text?
Self-Serving Bias
How does the Recency Effect impact impression formation?
It emphasizes the most recent information observed
What does the term Overattribution refer to?
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What is the Consistency aspect in impression formation according to the text?
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Which bias involves overvaluing internal factors when assessing someone's behavior?
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What is the main focus of impression management?
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How can accuracy in impression formation be increased?
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Which hypothesis should individuals beware of regarding the distribution of good and bad things?
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What is one way to prepare for different situations when engaging with online groups?
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Which term best describes the practice of recognizing and being sensitive to cultural differences?
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What is the main goal of using affinity-seeking techniques?
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Which face desires to be seen favorably by others?
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What is the goal of credibility strategies in impression management?
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What is the primary purpose of self-handicapping strategies?
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Which strategy is employed to hide faults and emphasize the positive aspects?
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What is the goal of influencing strategies in impression management?
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What term is used to describe the concept of discovering the self through the way people treat you and react to you?
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Which of the following is NOT a strategy mentioned for impression management in interpersonal communication?
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What term is used to represent the extent to which one knows oneself, strengths, weaknesses, thoughts, feelings, and personality tendencies?
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What is the term for the five stages that influence how individuals receive messages in interpersonal communication?
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What concept refers to discovering the self through the way people treat you and react to you?
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Which stage involves understanding oneself, including strengths, weaknesses, and personality traits?
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What is selective perception based on?
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Which stage of the selective attention process involves focusing on specific stimuli?
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Selective exposure involves putting ourselves in situations that confirm our existing:
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Which process occurs when we remember and forget things that are unpleasant or unimportant to us?
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Why are we more likely to attend to things around us that relate to our needs and wants?
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In what situation might selective exposure play a role according to the text?
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Study Notes
Impression Management Strategies
- Immediacy: connects you to the other person
- Affinity seeking: techniques to get others to like you
- Politeness: make ourselves appear likable
Politeness and Face
- Positive face: desire to be seen favorably or positively by others
- Keep positive face: help someone look favorably
- Attack positive face: make someone look bad
- Negative face: desire to be autonomous or free to act as we wish
- Keep negative face: ask someone nicely to do something
- Attack negative face: order or command someone to do something
Impression Management Goals
- To be liked
- To be believed
- Credibility strategies: to be seen as competent, of good character, and dynamic
- To excuse failure
- Self-handicapping strategies: to excuse actual or possible future failure
- To secure help
- Self-deprecating strategies: to secure help by making yourself seem unable to do the task
- To hide faults
- Self-monitoring strategies: to hide faults, to emphasize the positive, and minimize the negative
- To be followed
- Influencing strategies: to be persuasive, to be in control, to be followed, and to be the leader
Impression Formation Process
- Primacy Effect: tendency to attend to the first pieces of information observed about another person in order to make an impression
- Recency Effect: tendency to attend to the most recent information observed about another person in order to form or modify an impression
- Consistency: tendency to maintain balance among perceptions or attitudes
- Attribution of Control: attributing motives on the basis of any other reasons and beware of several potential errors
- Self-Serving Bias: taking credit for the positive and denying responsibilities for the negative
- Overattribution: tendency to single out or two obvious characteristic of a person and attribute everything that the person does or the two person characteristic
- Fundamental Attribution Error: occur when you access someone's behavior but overvalue the contribution of internal factor
Increasing Accuracy in Impression Formation
- Reduce Uncertainty: observe other people, prepare for different situations, learn about different online groups before engaging, gather information by talking to others, and interact with individuals
- Beware the Just-World Hypothesis: people believe that the world is just, good things happen to good people, and bad things happen to bad people
- Increase cultural sensitivity: recognize and be sensitive to cultural differences to increase accuracy in perception
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