Podcast
Questions and Answers
What process involves creating a descriptive image of others?
What process involves creating a descriptive image of others?
Social judgement involves evaluating only the observed behavior of an individual.
Social judgement involves evaluating only the observed behavior of an individual.
False
Name the two primary dimensions used to describe others in social judgements.
Name the two primary dimensions used to describe others in social judgements.
intellectual good/bad and social good/bad
The model that suggests global impressions are formed as the sum of single traits is known as the ______ model.
The model that suggests global impressions are formed as the sum of single traits is known as the ______ model.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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According to the content, communion traits are recognized and processed more quickly than which type of traits?
According to the content, communion traits are recognized and processed more quickly than which type of traits?
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The Configural model suggests that impressions are formed based on the sum of traits with fixed values.
The Configural model suggests that impressions are formed based on the sum of traits with fixed values.
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Which factor is key when determining impression in social judgements?
Which factor is key when determining impression in social judgements?
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What is a self-serving bias?
What is a self-serving bias?
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Group-serving bias involves making dispositional attributions for negative behaviors.
Group-serving bias involves making dispositional attributions for negative behaviors.
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What are the three factors that influence causality according to Weiner?
What are the three factors that influence causality according to Weiner?
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In counterfactual thinking, we compare real outcomes with __ outcomes.
In counterfactual thinking, we compare real outcomes with __ outcomes.
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Match the following types of causality with their definitions:
Match the following types of causality with their definitions:
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Which type of attribution involves a person interpreting their failure on an exam?
Which type of attribution involves a person interpreting their failure on an exam?
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Controllable causes are preferred over uncontrollable causes when attributing responsibility.
Controllable causes are preferred over uncontrollable causes when attributing responsibility.
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What is backward causal attribution?
What is backward causal attribution?
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What do people typically prefer when attributing causality?
What do people typically prefer when attributing causality?
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The distinctiveness of an actor's behavior across different situations helps to infer the cause of their behavior and is part of the concept known as ___.
The distinctiveness of an actor's behavior across different situations helps to infer the cause of their behavior and is part of the concept known as ___.
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What bias leads us to prioritize negative information about individuals?
What bias leads us to prioritize negative information about individuals?
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Communion traits are recognized and processed more slowly than agency traits.
Communion traits are recognized and processed more slowly than agency traits.
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What is more diagnostic, negative communal behavior or negative agent behavior?
What is more diagnostic, negative communal behavior or negative agent behavior?
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In a unilateral dependence situation, higher _____ traits are valued.
In a unilateral dependence situation, higher _____ traits are valued.
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Match the following concepts with their definitions:
Match the following concepts with their definitions:
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What is one reason why communion is given more importance than agency?
What is one reason why communion is given more importance than agency?
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In work relationships, employees view agency as irrelevant.
In work relationships, employees view agency as irrelevant.
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What effect describes the harsh judgment of in-group members who don't conform to group norms?
What effect describes the harsh judgment of in-group members who don't conform to group norms?
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Voters increasingly evaluate candidates based on basic personal characteristics such as age, gender, ________, and clothing.
Voters increasingly evaluate candidates based on basic personal characteristics such as age, gender, ________, and clothing.
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Match the following types of dependence with their associated traits:
Match the following types of dependence with their associated traits:
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In what environment is the distinction between leadership and competence more visible?
In what environment is the distinction between leadership and competence more visible?
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Dispositional attributions focus solely on the situation, disregarding the actor's traits.
Dispositional attributions focus solely on the situation, disregarding the actor's traits.
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What key factor influences how we evaluate others in social judgments?
What key factor influences how we evaluate others in social judgments?
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The tendency to make unfair dispositional attributions is known as ________ bias.
The tendency to make unfair dispositional attributions is known as ________ bias.
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Which theory proposes different models for explaining others' behavior?
Which theory proposes different models for explaining others' behavior?
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Heuristic evaluations are primarily based on complex analysis and detailed scrutiny.
Heuristic evaluations are primarily based on complex analysis and detailed scrutiny.
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Study Notes
Impression Formation
- Impression formation involves creating a descriptive and evaluative image of others.
- It's an inference process, deriving a global impression from limited elements.
- Key elements include physical appearance, observed behaviour, and communication.
- Theoretical models differ:
- Bottom-up (Algebraic model): Impressions are the sum of individual traits (e.g., smart +1, annoying -2).
- Top-down (Configural model): Impressions are configurations of central traits (e.g., warm/cold, smart/messy). Peripheral traits can influence overall impressions.
- Central traits are critical factors in determining overall impressions.
- Another approach uses dimensions like intellectual/social good/bad, encompassing stereotype content models.
- Stereotypes are socially-shared beliefs and evaluations of social groups.
- Big Two/Three/Four models refine these dimensions: agency (getting ahead) vs. communion (getting along). Agency further splits into leadership and competence, while communion splits into sociability and morality.
Social Judgements
- In social judgments, communion is more important than agency.
- Communal traits are recognized faster and are more accessible.
- Evolutionary advantage of detecting friend vs foe shapes these judgments.
- A negativity bias prioritizes negative information.
- Negative communal behaviours are more diagnostic than negative agentic behaviours.
- Situated social judgements are flexible and content-specific, departing from default rules (e.g., good friend, good boss).
- Ability/traits depending on goal, profitability, and relationship type (employer/employee asymmetrical relations).
- In work environments, agency traits for employees are crucial, but communion can be less important.
- Group support necessitates agentic leadership and communal morality.
Black Sheep Effect
- In-group members who violate norms are judged more harshly than out-group members who do the same.
Evaluating Politicians
- Heuristic approaches are used (e.g., American voters rely on candidate characteristics.).
- Voters use cues related to basic characteristics, social group affiliations, and inferred behaviors.
- Communion traits are crucial (e.g., honesty, trustworthiness, morality).
- Agency traits matter (e.g., leadership, competence).
Attribution and Biases
- Attribution seeks explanations for behaviors and events.
- The distinction between dispositional and situational attributions is key:
- Dispositional = actor's personality/inclination toward certain behaviors.
- Situational = external circumstances.
- Correspondence bias = tendency to overemphasize dispositional attributions.
- Outcome bias = judging intentions by outcomes.
- Personal relevance effect = extreme judgments if behavior affects us.
- Actor-observer effect = dispositional attributions for others and situational attributions for ourselves.
- Self-serving bias = positive behaviors are dispositional, negative behaviors are situational.
- Group-serving bias = positive group behaviours are dispositional, negative are situational
- Kelley's covariation model: Distinctiveness, consensus, consistency reveal behavioral causes.
- Weiner's model of attribution: Locus (internal/external), stability (stable/unstable), controllability (controllable/uncontrollable).
Post-Election Attributions
- Intuitive (e.g., closeness in time or space) vs. formal understanding of causality influences post-election attributions.
- Causes closer in time and space, consistent with existing beliefs, simple, and human are preferred.
- Controllable and human causes are seen as more responsible.
Backward Causal Attribution
- Counterfactual thinking compares actual outcomes with hypothetical alternatives to determine causality.
- It arises in response to surprising or exceptional events (routine norm breaks) and when people violate social expectations (social norm breaks).
- Counterfactual thinking can focus on different actors to understand potential 'what if' outcomes.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of impression formation through this quiz. Delve into the processes of creating evaluative images of others based on limited information and learn about different theoretical models like bottom-up and top-down approaches. Discover how stereotypes and central traits contribute to our overall perceptions.
