Impression Formation
34 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What process involves creating a descriptive image of others?

  • Causality
  • Social judgement
  • Impression formation (correct)
  • Attribution

Social judgement involves evaluating only the observed behavior of an individual.

False (B)

Name the two primary dimensions used to describe others in social judgements.

intellectual good/bad and social good/bad

The model that suggests global impressions are formed as the sum of single traits is known as the ______ model.

<p>Algebraic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Agency = Getting ahead, putting oneself first Communion = Getting along, collective Impression Formation = Creating a descriptive image of others Stereotype = Socially shared belief about a group</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, communion traits are recognized and processed more quickly than which type of traits?

<p>Agency traits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Configural model suggests that impressions are formed based on the sum of traits with fixed values.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is key when determining impression in social judgements?

<p>Central traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a self-serving bias?

<p>Attributing positive behaviors to dispositional factors and negative behaviors to situational factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Group-serving bias involves making dispositional attributions for negative behaviors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three factors that influence causality according to Weiner?

<p>locus, stability, controllability</p> Signup and view all the answers

In counterfactual thinking, we compare real outcomes with __ outcomes.

<p>hypothetical</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of causality with their definitions:

<p>Internal locus = Causality caused by the person's actions External locus = Causality caused by outside factors Stable = Causality that is unchanging over time Unstable = Causality that may change in different situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attribution involves a person interpreting their failure on an exam?

<p>A mix of both situational and dispositional attributions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Controllable causes are preferred over uncontrollable causes when attributing responsibility.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is backward causal attribution?

<p>It refers to counterfactual thinking about outcomes by altering previous events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do people typically prefer when attributing causality?

<p>Human causes over natural ones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The distinctiveness of an actor's behavior across different situations helps to infer the cause of their behavior and is part of the concept known as ___.

<p>covariance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What bias leads us to prioritize negative information about individuals?

<p>Negativity bias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Communion traits are recognized and processed more slowly than agency traits.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is more diagnostic, negative communal behavior or negative agent behavior?

<p>Negative communal behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a unilateral dependence situation, higher _____ traits are valued.

<p>communion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their definitions:

<p>Agency = Traits related to one's ability to influence others Communion = Traits related to social inclusion and relationships Outcome bias = Attribution of intention based on the consequences Actor-observer effect = Different attributions depending on the actor's role</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why communion is given more importance than agency?

<p>Communion traits create a more significant evolutionary advantage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In work relationships, employees view agency as irrelevant.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect describes the harsh judgment of in-group members who don't conform to group norms?

<p>Black sheep effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

Voters increasingly evaluate candidates based on basic personal characteristics such as age, gender, ________, and clothing.

<p>ethnicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of dependence with their associated traits:

<p>Independence = Higher communion Mutual dependence = Higher agency Unilateral dependence = Higher communion</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what environment is the distinction between leadership and competence more visible?

<p>Work environments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dispositional attributions focus solely on the situation, disregarding the actor's traits.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key factor influences how we evaluate others in social judgments?

<p>Type of relationship/interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tendency to make unfair dispositional attributions is known as ________ bias.

<p>correspondence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory proposes different models for explaining others' behavior?

<p>Attribution theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heuristic evaluations are primarily based on complex analysis and detailed scrutiny.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Impression Formation

The process of forming an overall impression of someone based on limited information like their appearance, behavior, and communication.

Algebraic Model

A model that explains how we form impressions by adding up the positive and negative values of individual traits.

Configural Model

A model that suggests we form impressions based on central traits that influence our interpretation of other traits.

Big Two Model

A model that emphasizes two key dimensions in forming impressions: how good/bad someone is intellectually and how good/bad someone is socially.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Big Three/Four Model

A model that focuses on how we perceive others based on how much they prioritize getting ahead (agency) vs. getting along (communion).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stereotype Content Model

The tendency to judge people based on stereotypes, which are generalized beliefs about members of specific groups.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Attribution

The process of understanding the causes and reasons behind events or actions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Communion over Agency

The tendency to emphasize communal traits like being friendly, helpful, and trustworthy, over agency traits like being competent or ambitious.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Self-serving bias

A tendency to attribute our own positive behaviors to dispositional factors (e.g., our talent) and negative behaviors to situational factors (e.g., bad luck).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Group-serving bias

A tendency to attribute a group's positive behaviors to dispositional factors (e.g., group's talent) and negative behaviors to situational factors (e.g., bad luck).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dispositional attributions

Explanations for behaviour that emphasize the actor's internal characteristics, such as personality or ability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Situational attributions

Explanations for behaviour that emphasize external factors, such as the situation or environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acts and Situation Covariance

Inferences about the cause of a behavior are made by observing how the behavior covaries across situations and actors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Distinctiveness

The extent to which an actor's behavior is unique to a specific situation, compared to other situations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Weiner's Attribution Model

A causal attribution model that incorporates locus, stability, and controllability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Locus of Control

The extent to which a cause is internal or external to an actor.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stability

The extent to which a cause is stable or unstable over time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Controllability

The extent to which a cause is controllable or uncontrollable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Causal Attribution

The process of explaining why events happen, including attributing responsibility and making inferences about actors' intentions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Counterfactual Thinking

A type of reasoning that involves mentally simulating alternative outcomes. It helps us understand situations and generate explanations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Backward Causal Attribution

A form of causal attribution where we imagine an event with a different outcome based on a changed situation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Negativity Bias

The tendency to prioritize negative information when evaluating someone.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Detecting Intentions

The ability to detect others' intentions, especially distinguishing between friends and foes, which was crucial for survival in our evolutionary past.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Black Sheep Effect

The tendency to judge in-group members who violate group norms more harshly than out-group members who do the same.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Communal Traits

Traits related to how a person relates to others, such as trustworthiness, kindness, and cooperativeness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Agency Traits

Traits related to a person's competence, leadership, and drive to achieve goals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Correspondence Bias

The tendency to assume that behaviors reflect a person's underlying disposition, even when situational factors could explain them.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Outcome Bias

Making judgments about someone's intentions based solely on the outcome of their behavior, instead of considering other factors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Personal Relevance Effect

The tendency to make more extreme and definitive attributions about behaviors that directly affect us personally.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Actor-Observer Effect

The inclination to attribute others' behaviors to their disposition, while attributing our own behaviors to situational factors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heuristic

A mental shortcut or rule of thumb used to make decisions quickly, often based on limited information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Situated Social Judgments

The evaluation of others' agency and communal traits based on the nature, goal, and self-profitability of our interactions with them.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Candidate Evaluation

The evaluation of political candidates often relies heavily on intuitive assessments of their personality and associated social groups, rather than only on policy positions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Impression Formation

  • Impression formation involves creating a descriptive and evaluative image of others.
  • It's an inference process, deriving a global impression from limited elements.
  • Key elements include physical appearance, observed behaviour, and communication.
  • Theoretical models differ:
    • Bottom-up (Algebraic model): Impressions are the sum of individual traits (e.g., smart +1, annoying -2).
    • Top-down (Configural model): Impressions are configurations of central traits (e.g., warm/cold, smart/messy). Peripheral traits can influence overall impressions.
  • Central traits are critical factors in determining overall impressions.
  • Another approach uses dimensions like intellectual/social good/bad, encompassing stereotype content models.
  • Stereotypes are socially-shared beliefs and evaluations of social groups.
  • Big Two/Three/Four models refine these dimensions: agency (getting ahead) vs. communion (getting along). Agency further splits into leadership and competence, while communion splits into sociability and morality.

Social Judgements

  • In social judgments, communion is more important than agency.
  • Communal traits are recognized faster and are more accessible.
  • Evolutionary advantage of detecting friend vs foe shapes these judgments.
  • A negativity bias prioritizes negative information.
  • Negative communal behaviours are more diagnostic than negative agentic behaviours.
  • Situated social judgements are flexible and content-specific, departing from default rules (e.g., good friend, good boss).
  • Ability/traits depending on goal, profitability, and relationship type (employer/employee asymmetrical relations).
  • In work environments, agency traits for employees are crucial, but communion can be less important.
  • Group support necessitates agentic leadership and communal morality.

Black Sheep Effect

  • In-group members who violate norms are judged more harshly than out-group members who do the same.

Evaluating Politicians

  • Heuristic approaches are used (e.g., American voters rely on candidate characteristics.).
  • Voters use cues related to basic characteristics, social group affiliations, and inferred behaviors.
  • Communion traits are crucial (e.g., honesty, trustworthiness, morality).
  • Agency traits matter (e.g., leadership, competence).

Attribution and Biases

  • Attribution seeks explanations for behaviors and events.
  • The distinction between dispositional and situational attributions is key:
    • Dispositional = actor's personality/inclination toward certain behaviors.
    • Situational = external circumstances.
  • Correspondence bias = tendency to overemphasize dispositional attributions.
  • Outcome bias = judging intentions by outcomes.
  • Personal relevance effect = extreme judgments if behavior affects us.
  • Actor-observer effect = dispositional attributions for others and situational attributions for ourselves.
  • Self-serving bias = positive behaviors are dispositional, negative behaviors are situational.
  • Group-serving bias = positive group behaviours are dispositional, negative are situational
  • Kelley's covariation model: Distinctiveness, consensus, consistency reveal behavioral causes.
  • Weiner's model of attribution: Locus (internal/external), stability (stable/unstable), controllability (controllable/uncontrollable).

Post-Election Attributions

  • Intuitive (e.g., closeness in time or space) vs. formal understanding of causality influences post-election attributions.
  • Causes closer in time and space, consistent with existing beliefs, simple, and human are preferred.
  • Controllable and human causes are seen as more responsible.

Backward Causal Attribution

  • Counterfactual thinking compares actual outcomes with hypothetical alternatives to determine causality.
  • It arises in response to surprising or exceptional events (routine norm breaks) and when people violate social expectations (social norm breaks).
  • Counterfactual thinking can focus on different actors to understand potential 'what if' outcomes.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Explore the intricacies of impression formation through this quiz. Delve into the processes of creating evaluative images of others based on limited information and learn about different theoretical models like bottom-up and top-down approaches. Discover how stereotypes and central traits contribute to our overall perceptions.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser