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Questions and Answers
What are central traits in impression formation?
Traits that play a disproportionate role in configuring the final impression.
What is the significance of peripheral traits?
They have less influence on the final impression.
What do implicit personality theories refer to?
Beliefs about how different characteristics combine to form certain personality types.
Positive information is usually remembered better than negative information.
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What method uses summation, average, and weighted average to form impressions?
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What are schemas?
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What is a self-schema?
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What do role schemas help us understand?
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What are scripts in the context of event schemas?
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Prototypes have strict boundaries in categories.
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What does social inference relate to?
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Study Notes
Configural Traits
- Central traits have a greater influence on impression formation compared to peripheral traits. For example, being described as "warm" versus "cold" has a stronger impact on how we perceive someone than if they are described as "polite" or "blunt."
- Impressions can be formed as integrated wholes by taking in central cues, exemplifying the Gestalt view of perception.
- Central traits are important for shaping our final impression of someone, while peripheral traits have less influence.
Implicit Personality Theories
- Our own beliefs about how various characteristics combine to create certain personality types are known as implicit personality theories. For instance, we might believe that friendly people who talk fast are sly.
Primacy & Recency Effects
- Being the first or last person to interact with someone can make you more memorable due to the primacy and recency effects, respectively.
- Negative information is usually remembered more easily than positive information.
Cognitive Algebra
- Cognitive algebra uses summation, averages, and weighted averages to combine different traits and form impressions.
- Summation involves assigning values to traits and adding them together.
- In averaging, trait values are added and then divided by the number of traits.
- Weighted averages assign weight to each characteristic, reflecting the significance of each trait in a particular context.
Schemas
- Schemas are mental structures that organize our knowledge about the social world. They can influence what we notice and how we think.
- Schemas allow us to quickly make sense of our surroundings.
- They can fill in missing details based on past experiences and pre-existing knowledge.
Self Schemas
- Self schemas are centered around our own experiences and perceptions.
- They influence how we feel about ourselves and help create a concept of who we are.
Role & Person Schemas
- Role schemas involve expected behaviors associated with different roles (e.g., teacher, student, daughter).
- Person schemas are generalizations about "types" of people, helping us make quick judgments but also potentially leading to stereotypes.
Event Schemas (Scripts)
- Event schemas, or scripts, are schemas about sequences of events in familiar situations. They provide expectations for how things will unfold, reducing confusion and uncertainty.
Prototypes vs. Exemplars
- Prototypes represent abstract schemas based on an "ideal" type of person, role, or situation.
- Exemplars are specific, real-world examples that embody the key attributes of a category.
Fuzzy Sets
- Categories have fuzzy boundaries, meaning membership is not always clear-cut.
- Rather than strict membership, there is a gradual transition between categories.
Family Resemblance
- Categories share similarities but aren't identical.
- This resemblance is a more realistic approach compared to strict definition-based categories.
Schema Revision
- Bookkeeping: Gradually revising a schema by adding new information from experience.
- Conversion: Suddenly and dramatically revising a schema after encountering strong information or experience.
- Sub-typing: Creating a subcategory to accommodate exceptions within a schema.
Social Inference
- Social inference is the process of making judgments about the thoughts, feelings, intentions, and behaviors of others.
- It relies on available information, cues, and contextual clues.
Regression Towards the Mean
- Regression towards the mean describes the tendency for extreme evaluations to become less extreme over time.
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Description
Explore the dynamics of impression formation through central and peripheral traits in this quiz. Understand how implicit personality theories, and primacy and recency effects play a role in shaping our perceptions of others. Test your knowledge on how these aspects influence social interaction.
