38 Questions
Which type of attitude measure uses reaction times to uncover 'unconscious' attitudes?
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
According to the Theory of Reasoned Action, an individual's intention is influenced by which two factors?
Attitude and Norm
The Foot-in-the-door phenomenon is characterized by the tendency of people to do what?
Comply with a larger request after declining a small request
The Stanford prison experiment, conducted by Zimbardo in 1971, involved a simulation study with whom?
Guards and prisoners in a real prison
What phenomenon is described as the tendency for people who have declined a large request to agree to a smaller request?
Door-in-the-face technique
What is the primary focus of self-presentation concerning behaviors influencing attitudes?
Making a good impression
What is the term for the feeling of discomfort caused by the realization that one’s behavior is inconsistent with one’s attitudes or that one holds two conflicting attitudes?
Cognitive dissonance
How does the Insufficient Justification effect reduce dissonance?
By internally justifying one’s behavior when external justification is insufficient
What does the Over-justification effect suggest about external rewards and intrinsic motivation?
External rewards undermine intrinsic motivation
What is the term for the emotional reactions towards an attitude object in the Tripartite Model of attitudes?
Affective component
In Self-Perception Theory, what does Bem (1972) suggest about individuals' inferences regarding their own behavior?
They make similar inferences when observing their own behavior
What motivates individuals to maintain consistency among their cognitions according to the text?
Avoiding cognitive dissonance
What happens when individuals experience dissonance after making a decision between two equally attractive alternatives?
They enhance the attractiveness of the chosen alternative and devalue the rejected alternatives
What is the term for the reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one’s behavior when external justification is 'insufficient'?
Insufficient justification effect
What does the Insufficient Justification effect refer to, as demonstrated by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)?
"When someone does something that goes against what they believe in, but lacks strong outside reasons for doing it"
What does the Implicit Association Test (IAT) measure?
The strength of associations between concepts
How does repeated exposure to a novel stimulus affect attitudes?
It leads to positive evaluations of the stimulus
What does the principle of aggregation suggest about the effects of an attitude on behavior?
The effects of an attitude on behavior become more apparent when looking at average behavior
When will attitudes predict behavior?
When social influences are minimal and attitude and behavior are at the same level of specificity
What is the best predictor of a person's behavioral intentions according to the theory of planned behavior?
Explicit attitudes toward specific behaviors
How are strong attitudes more likely to guide behavior?
They are more likely to be influenced by public commitments
What is meant by 'self-presentation' or 'impression management'?
Pretending to express consistent attitudes with one's behavior
What happens with immoral acts according to the text?
They make it easier for individuals to perform worse acts later
What does cognitive-attitudinal advocacy refer to?
Actively supporting or promoting a belief or attitude through one's thoughts and actions
What is meant by 'chronic accessibility' and 'temporary priming' according to the text?
Strengthening of attitudes due to repeated activation and temporary influence on attitudes due to situational factors
What is the key factor in determining whether our behavior will affect our attitudes according to the text?
Presence of external explanations for our actions
What is self-affirmation?
Reminding yourself of your values and achievements to maintain a positive self-view
What can self-affirmation help with?
Balancing out negative thoughts and feelings
According to the theory, what happens when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous?
We infer our attitude by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs
What is cognitive dissonance?
When your actions don't line up with your beliefs, making you feel uncomfortable
What is the potential consequence of dissonance reduction?
A succession of self-justifications resulting in stupid or immoral acts
How might people avoid the rationalization trap?
By giving themselves a chance to self-affirm
What aspect does the self-perception theory explain?
Over justification effect
In what way does self-perception theory differ from dissonance theory?
It suggests that we infer our attitude from our behavior rather than changing our attitude
Which strategy involves reminding oneself of past successes or qualities when facing challenges or criticisms?
Self-affirmation
What is an example of self-perception theory in action?
Deciding that one must like playing guitar because they do it a lot
How can public commitment influence beliefs?
By making people feel more strongly about their belief and changing their attitude accordingly
What is an outcome of having committed a cruel act according to the text?
Reducing dissonance by disliking, derogating or dehumanizing the victim
Test your knowledge about implicit and explicit attitudes with this quiz. Learn about the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the concepts of dual processing and attitude formation.
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