Implicit vs Explicit Attitudes Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which type of attitude measure uses reaction times to uncover 'unconscious' attitudes?

Physiological measures

Implicit Association Test (IAT) (correct)

Self-reports

Facial muscle responses

According to the Theory of Reasoned Action, an individual's intention is influenced by which two factors?

Self-efficacy and Motivation

Role playing and Opportunity

Social situation and Self-awareness

Attitude and Norm (correct)

The Foot-in-the-door phenomenon is characterized by the tendency of people to do what?

Comply with a larger request after declining a small request (correct)

Agree to both large and small requests simultaneously

Decline a large request after agreeing to a small request

Ignore both large and small requests

The Stanford prison experiment, conducted by Zimbardo in 1971, involved a simulation study with whom?

Guards and prisoners in a real prison Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is described as the tendency for people who have declined a large request to agree to a smaller request?

Door-in-the-face technique Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of self-presentation concerning behaviors influencing attitudes?

Making a good impression Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the feeling of discomfort caused by the realization that one’s behavior is inconsistent with one’s attitudes or that one holds two conflicting attitudes?

Cognitive dissonance Signup and view all the answers

How does the Insufficient Justification effect reduce dissonance?

By internally justifying one’s behavior when external justification is insufficient Signup and view all the answers

What does the Over-justification effect suggest about external rewards and intrinsic motivation?

External rewards undermine intrinsic motivation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the emotional reactions towards an attitude object in the Tripartite Model of attitudes?

Affective component Signup and view all the answers

In Self-Perception Theory, what does Bem (1972) suggest about individuals' inferences regarding their own behavior?

They make similar inferences when observing their own behavior Signup and view all the answers

What motivates individuals to maintain consistency among their cognitions according to the text?

Avoiding cognitive dissonance Signup and view all the answers

What happens when individuals experience dissonance after making a decision between two equally attractive alternatives?

They enhance the attractiveness of the chosen alternative and devalue the rejected alternatives Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one’s behavior when external justification is 'insufficient'?

Insufficient justification effect Signup and view all the answers

What does the Insufficient Justification effect refer to, as demonstrated by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)?

"When someone does something that goes against what they believe in, but lacks strong outside reasons for doing it" Signup and view all the answers

What does the Implicit Association Test (IAT) measure?

The strength of associations between concepts Signup and view all the answers

How does repeated exposure to a novel stimulus affect attitudes?

It leads to positive evaluations of the stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of aggregation suggest about the effects of an attitude on behavior?

The effects of an attitude on behavior become more apparent when looking at average behavior Signup and view all the answers

When will attitudes predict behavior?

When social influences are minimal and attitude and behavior are at the same level of specificity Signup and view all the answers

What is the best predictor of a person's behavioral intentions according to the theory of planned behavior?

Explicit attitudes toward specific behaviors Signup and view all the answers

How are strong attitudes more likely to guide behavior?

They are more likely to be influenced by public commitments Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'self-presentation' or 'impression management'?

Pretending to express consistent attitudes with one's behavior Signup and view all the answers

What happens with immoral acts according to the text?

They make it easier for individuals to perform worse acts later Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive-attitudinal advocacy refer to?

Actively supporting or promoting a belief or attitude through one's thoughts and actions Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'chronic accessibility' and 'temporary priming' according to the text?

Strengthening of attitudes due to repeated activation and temporary influence on attitudes due to situational factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor in determining whether our behavior will affect our attitudes according to the text?

Presence of external explanations for our actions Signup and view all the answers

What is self-affirmation?

Reminding yourself of your values and achievements to maintain a positive self-view Signup and view all the answers

What can self-affirmation help with?

Balancing out negative thoughts and feelings Signup and view all the answers

According to the theory, what happens when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous?

We infer our attitude by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive dissonance?

When your actions don't line up with your beliefs, making you feel uncomfortable Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of dissonance reduction?

A succession of self-justifications resulting in stupid or immoral acts Signup and view all the answers

How might people avoid the rationalization trap?

By giving themselves a chance to self-affirm Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the self-perception theory explain?

Over justification effect Signup and view all the answers

In what way does self-perception theory differ from dissonance theory?

It suggests that we infer our attitude from our behavior rather than changing our attitude Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy involves reminding oneself of past successes or qualities when facing challenges or criticisms?

Self-affirmation Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of self-perception theory in action?

Deciding that one must like playing guitar because they do it a lot Signup and view all the answers

How can public commitment influence beliefs?

By making people feel more strongly about their belief and changing their attitude accordingly Signup and view all the answers

What is an outcome of having committed a cruel act according to the text?

Reducing dissonance by disliking, derogating or dehumanizing the victim Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Attitude Measures and Theories

Implicit Association Test (IAT) uses reaction times to reveal unconscious attitudes.
According to the Theory of Reasoned Action, an individual's intention is influenced by attitudes towards the behavior and subjective norms.
The Foot-in-the-door phenomenon reflects the tendency of people to comply with a large request after agreeing to a small one.

Key Studies and Phenomena

The Stanford prison experiment involved college students assigned roles of guards and prisoners to study behavior in a simulated environment.
The door-in-the-face technique describes the tendency for individuals who refuse a large request to comply with a smaller one after denial.

Self-Presentation and Dissonance

Self-presentation focuses on how behaviors influence attitudes and how individuals project themselves to others.
Cognitive dissonance refers to the discomfort from holding conflicting attitudes or behaviors.
The Insufficient Justification effect reduces dissonance when individuals internally justify their actions due to a lack of external justification.

Motivation and Decision-Making

The Over-justification effect suggests that extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation.
Emotional reactions towards an attitude object are defined in the Tripartite Model of attitudes, encompassing affective, cognitive, and behavioral components.
After making a choice between two attractive alternatives, individuals often experience dissonance, which may lead to internal justification to alleviate discomfort.

Behavior and Attitudes

Insufficient Justification effect, demonstrated by Festinger and Carlsmith, shows how individuals justify their behavior when external incentives are inadequate.
Repeated exposure to a novel stimulus typically leads to more favorable attitudes towards it.
The principle of aggregation suggests that attitudes impact behavior over time, emphasizing the accumulation of responses rather than isolated incidents.

Predicting Behavior

Attitudes can predict behavior when they are strong and relevant to the situation.
The best predictor of a person's behavioral intentions within the theory of planned behavior is their perceived behavioral control.
Strong attitudes are more likely to guide behavior because they are more accessible and resistant to change.

Self-Concept and Reactions

'Self-presentation' involves managing how one is perceived by others.
Engaging in immoral acts can lead to guilt and a reevaluation of personal morals.
Cognitive-attitudinal advocacy means promoting beliefs to align attitudes with actions.

Accessibility and Affect

Chronic accessibility refers to the consistent availability of certain attitudes, while temporary priming highlights context-driven activation of attitudes.
The key factor influencing whether behavior affects attitudes is the degree of perceived choice in the action taken.
Self-affirmation provides means for individuals to reinforce their self-worth, helping to reduce cognitive dissonance.

Theory of Uncertainty

When attitudes and feelings are uncertain, individuals may look to their behavior for cues on their attitudes.
Cognitive dissonance arises when actions contradict personal beliefs, leading to potential changes in attitude to minimize inconsistencies.
Dissonance reduction can lead to avoidance of rationalization traps that cloud judgment by soothing conflicting beliefs.

Comparison of Theories

Self-perception theory explains how individuals infer their attitudes from their behavior, differing from dissonance theory, which emphasizes inconsistency's emotional discomfort.
Reflecting on past successes or qualities when facing challenges is a self-affirmation strategy aimed at boosting resilience.
An example of self-perception theory in action is when individuals adopt a healthier lifestyle after engaging in fitness activities.

Influence and Commitment

Public commitment can significantly influence beliefs as individuals feel compelled to act in accordance with their declared attitudes.
Committing a cruel act may lead to subsequent justifications in a person's beliefs to align with their self-image or moral standards.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge about implicit and explicit attitudes with this quiz. Learn about the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the concepts of dual processing and attitude formation.