Imperialism: Module 3 - Methods, Africa, Muslim Lands

• Isaac Newton's Law of Motion stating "For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction," applies to Physics and understanding the world.
• Decisions have advantages and disadvantages, and innovations have pros and cons.
• It's important to minimize possible negative effects when creating outputs, innovations, or inventions.
• The positive and negative effects of advancements in Science and Technology are in the hands of the users.
• Theories and principles from the 19th century still apply today.
• Scientists and medical practitioners emphasize clean environments to prevent disease spread.
• Nation-building can be contributed to through research projects and innovations for community changes.
• Science and Technology affects economics, manufacturing, medicine, information access, music, literature, and destressing.
• Module 3 covers: Methods of Imperialism, Imperialism in Africa, and Europeans Claim Muslim Lands.
• Module targets:
  • Identify methods/forms of imperialism
  • Differentiate methods/forms of imperialism
  • Relate imperialism concepts to the present
  • Explain imperialism's causes/effects in Africa
  • Relate the Industrial Revolution to imperialism in Africa
  • Explain why and how Europeans claim Muslim lands

Methods of Imperialism

• Beck, Black, Krieger, Naylor, & Shabaka (2012) identified direct control and indirect control as the two methods of imperialism.
• Direct Control:
  • Colonized people lacked freedom to decide their own land.
  • Colonizers assumed natives couldn't handle political matters.
  • Colonizers enforced their own rules and policies.
  • Colonizers sought control over all aspects of native life.
  • Colonizers aimed to promote cultural assimilation.
• Indirect Control:
  • Colonized people were given partial freedom.
  • Colonizers allowed natives to occupy some government positions.
  • Colonizers presented themselves as educators of the natives.
  • Colonizers reiterated their role as trainers for native independence.
• Direct control is stricter, but indirect control ultimately leads to direct control.

Forms of Imperialism

• Beck, Black, Krieger, Naylor, & Shabaka (2012) defined four forms of imperialism: Colony, Protectorate, Sphere of Influence, and Economic Imperialism.
• Colony: A country/territory governed internally by a foreign power.
  • Example: Somaliland in East Africa was a French colony.
• Protectorate: A country/territory with its own government under an outside power's control.
  • Example: Britain established a protectorate over the Niger River delta.
• Sphere of Influence: An area where an outside power claims exclusive investment/trading privileges.
  • Example: Liberia under the U.S. sphere of influence.
• Economic Imperialism: An independent but less-developed country controlled by private business interests rather than governments.
  • Example: Dole Fruit controlled pineapple trade in Hawaii.
• Colonizers impose all forms of imperialism, especially where they have full control.

Imperialism in Africa

• Africa is the second-largest continent with diverse languages, people, and culture.
• The continent experienced misfortune due to colonization.
• The partition of Africa involved various colonizers and African countries between the 1800s and 1914.
• Africa was attractive to imperialists because of raw materials, markets, and diverse communities.
• There are thousands of ethnic groups in Africa which made unity challenging and favored invaders.

Ottoman Empire

• The Ottoman Empire was powerful from the 1300s-1700s, but faced struggles and internal problems in the late 1700s, leading to its decline.
• Europeans sought locations to boost their economy via geopolitics, seizing Ottoman territories.

Russia and the Crimean War

• Russia aimed to control the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea for grain exports.
• Russia tried to ally with the Ottomans, but war broke out in 1853.
• The war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire became known as the Crimean War.
• The war was fought mostly in the Peninsula located in the Black sea

The Great Game

• In the 19th century, Great Britain and Russia faced another war becaus of colonial ambition over India.
• Great Britain defended their colony, which made them enter what was known as the “Great Game"
• Afghanistan, was involved in this geopolitical struggle because of its location being near India and Russia
• Both countries became weary with the fight, they eventually agreed to leave Afghanistan.
• Great Britain promised not to go beyond the Khyber Pass, a border that separates eastern Afghanistan and India.
• The Soviet Union agreed to stay out of Afghanistan.

The Modernization of Egypt and the Suez Canal

• Egypt took the Ottoman Empire as its reference to modernize and realized the importance of modernization because of European influences.
• After Napoleon Bonaparte's failure, the Egyptians improved their military and economy and Muhammad Ali broke away from the Ottomans to establish an independent nation.
• Muhammad Ali and his heirs were recognized as the hereditary rulers of Egypt" (Beck, Black, Krieger, Naylor, & Shabaka, 2012).
• He shifted agriculture to cotton production.
• Isma'il, Muhammad Ali's grandson, continued modernization, resulting in the Suez Canal being built.
• The Suez Canal connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.
• Despite having money, Egypt had to involve French private interest groups for funding.
• Egypt fell into debt and Great Britain oversaw the Suez Canal.
• In 1882, Great Britain occupied Egypt.