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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of action of immunostimulants?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of action of immunostimulants?
Immunostimulants reduce immune suppression.
Immunostimulants reduce immune suppression.
True
What two elements are mentioned as part of immunostimulants?
What two elements are mentioned as part of immunostimulants?
Selenium and germanium
Immunostimulants increase the production of ________ which are important signaling molecules in the immune response.
Immunostimulants increase the production of ________ which are important signaling molecules in the immune response.
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Match the following actions with their definitions:
Match the following actions with their definitions:
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What is the outline shape of the externally observed feature?
What is the outline shape of the externally observed feature?
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The internal structure is described as yellow and starchy.
The internal structure is described as yellow and starchy.
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What type of odor is associated with the fresh root?
What type of odor is associated with the fresh root?
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What is the primary use of colchicine?
What is the primary use of colchicine?
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The taste of the substance is first __________, then bitter and acrid.
The taste of the substance is first __________, then bitter and acrid.
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Colchicine is considered safe for regular use in modern medicine.
Colchicine is considered safe for regular use in modern medicine.
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What is the dosage of colchicine for gout?
What is the dosage of colchicine for gout?
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Match the characteristics with their descriptions:
Match the characteristics with their descriptions:
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For Mediterranean fever, colchicine is prescribed at a dose of _____ mg daily.
For Mediterranean fever, colchicine is prescribed at a dose of _____ mg daily.
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Match the conditions with their respective colchicine dosages:
Match the conditions with their respective colchicine dosages:
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Which cooking methods were found to increase the bio accessibility of phenolic compounds?
Which cooking methods were found to increase the bio accessibility of phenolic compounds?
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Cooking has no effect on the bio accessibility of quercetin-derivatives.
Cooking has no effect on the bio accessibility of quercetin-derivatives.
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What compound's bio accessibility is increased by cooking?
What compound's bio accessibility is increased by cooking?
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Cooking methods such as _____, grilling, and frying have been shown to increase bio accessibility of phenolic compounds.
Cooking methods such as _____, grilling, and frying have been shown to increase bio accessibility of phenolic compounds.
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Match the following cooking methods with their effects on phenolic compounds:
Match the following cooking methods with their effects on phenolic compounds:
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What is the recommended way to handle small amounts of black mold on onion scales?
What is the recommended way to handle small amounts of black mold on onion scales?
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It is safe to use the entire onion even if some scales have black mold.
It is safe to use the entire onion even if some scales have black mold.
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What can be done if the black mold affects a significant portion of the onion?
What can be done if the black mold affects a significant portion of the onion?
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To clean the onion, rinse off small amounts of the black mold under _____ running tap water.
To clean the onion, rinse off small amounts of the black mold under _____ running tap water.
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Match the following actions with their results regarding handling black mold on onions:
Match the following actions with their results regarding handling black mold on onions:
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What is one of the primary benefits of certain medications related to peptic ulcers?
What is one of the primary benefits of certain medications related to peptic ulcers?
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Helicobacter pylori is a beneficial bacterium that enhances digestion.
Helicobacter pylori is a beneficial bacterium that enhances digestion.
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What activities do certain medications exhibit besides treating ulcers?
What activities do certain medications exhibit besides treating ulcers?
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Certain medications can inhibit the growth of ______ associated with peptic ulcers.
Certain medications can inhibit the growth of ______ associated with peptic ulcers.
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Match the following medications with their actions:
Match the following medications with their actions:
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Study Notes
Garlic
- Botanical Origin: The ripe bulb of Allium sativum Linn., Liliaceae family.
- Geographical Origin: Central Asia, Southern Europe, United States, widely cultivated in India.
- Morphology: Sub-globular compound bulbs made up of several outer thin protective sheaths covering the inner sheath. The inner sheath contains swollen leaves called cloves. Mature bulbs have 8-20 cloves attached to a flattened, circular base. Cloves are ovoid and white, lacking symmetry except for a few in the center. Bulbs are pinkish-white and odoriferous.
- Microscopy: Bulbs are covered by an outer scale made up of an epidermis enclosing a mesophyll (lacking chlorophyll). Below this is a layer of lower epidermal cells. Dry scales also contain lignified sclereid cells with thick, pitted walls, elongated and covered in thin cuticle. Long fibers and rectangular cells (2-3 layers) have rhomboid crystals of calcium oxalate. The cortical cells are thick-walled, non-lignified, tending to collapse on maturity, and contain purple pigments. The vascular bundles consist of lignified spiral and annular vessels. Cloves (storage leaves) have an outer epidermis of thin, delicate cells with variable shape, arranged in somewhat irregular rows. Stomata are present on the outer epidermis only at the extreme tip near the base of the foliage leaves. The mesophyll consists of swollen storage parenchyma cells filled with fine granular reserve material (laticiferous tubes) scattered in the cortex. Vascular bundles consist of narrow lignified spiral and annular vessels.
- Active Constituents:
- Volatile oil (0.1-0.5%): Contains sulfur compounds like alliin, ajoene, diallyldisulfide, diallyltrisulfide, methylallyltrisulfide, allyl propyl disulfide, etc.
- Nonvolatile Sulfur compound: γ-glutamylcysteine peptides.
- Amino acids: Includes 8 essential amino acids such as leucine, methionine, derivatives of L-cysteine amino acid.
- Enzymes: Allinase, peroxidases, myrosinase.
- Minerals: Phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, selenium, germanium.
- Chemical Test: 10 g of garlic bulbs cut into small pieces, 10 mL of 1 N NaOH, and 10 mL of water for 10 minutes. Heat and filter. Add 2 mL filtrate + drops of sodium nitroferricyanide (freshly prepared). Observe orange-red color.
- Medicinal Uses:
- Hypercholesterolemia (due to diallyl disulphides and diallyl trisulphides). Garlic reduces the activity of thiol enzymes (HMG-CoA reductase and coenzyme A).
- Antithrombotic agent. Ajoene inhibits platelet aggregation; methylallyltrisulfide interferes with thromboxane synthesis, and shows fibrinolytic properties helping with clot degradation.
- Antihypertensive (due to allicin). Allicin affects the elastic properties of the blood vessels through nitric oxide system (vasodilation).
- Antimicrobial (ajoene and allicin). Active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Also active against mycobacteria and fungal infections. Also active against certain viruses.
- Hypoglycemic (due to alliin). Increases serum insulin levels via increased insulin secretion from beta cells in pancreas.
- Antioxidant (due to allicin). Increases catalase and glutathione peroxidase (important antioxidant enzymes).
- Immunostimulant (due to selenium and germanium). Enhanced phagocytosis, increased killer cell activity, lymphocyte proliferation, increased production of cytokines, and reduction of immune suppression.
- Chemoprotective (due to allicin). Protects against hepatic cancer.
- Externally (garlic oil). Can stop hair fall and promote hair growth.
- Dose: 2400 mg by mouth daily for 12 months. Garlic extracts are standardized by allicin content (1.1% to 1.3%). Look for enteric-coated supplements to dissolve in the intestine rather than the stomach.
- Side Effects: Bad breath, heartburn, gas, and diarrhea.
- Contraindications: Bleeding disorders (especially fresh garlic), stop at least 2 weeks before surgery. Possibly unsafe for pregnant and breastfeeding women in medicinal amounts.
- Drug Interactions: Saquinavir (HIV medication) absorption and effect reduced. Anticoagulants may lead to bruising and bleeding. Antihypertensive drugs can lead to hypotension. Antidiabetics may cause hypoglycemia. Sofosbuvir (HCV medication) metabolism and excretion increased, decreasing its effects. Tacrolimus metabolism reduced by garlic, increasing its side effects.
- Products Available in Market: Names of products mentioned in the slides.
Colchicum
- Botanical Origin: The dried ripe seeds and corms of Colchicum autumnale, Liliaceae family. Highly toxic, requiring great caution in usage.
- Geographical Origin: Central and Southern Europe, Germany, Greece, Spain, Turkey, and England.
- Morphology: Corms or roots typically sold in transverse slices, notched on one side. Somewhat reniform in outline. Internally white and starchy. Taste sweetish, then bitter and acrid. Odor: radish-like in fresh root but lost in drying.
- Active Constituents:
- Alkaloids (very poisonous): Colchicine
- Resin: Colchicoresin
- Others: Fixed oil, glucose, starch
- Chemical Test: Powder with nitric acid yields a red color. Powder with 20% HCl results in a yellow color..
- Medicinal Uses: Acute gout, analgesic, antirheumatic, cathartic, emetic, antileukemic (anticancer), treatment of familial Mediterranean fever, relieve neuralgia (externally).
- Dose of colchicine: For gout (0.6-1.2 mg twice daily). For Mediterranean fever (1.2-2.4 mg daily)
- Side effects: A very toxic plant, should only be used under the supervision of a qualified practitioner.
- Contraindications: Pregnant women, patients with kidney disease. Should only be used under the supervision of a qualified practitioner.
- Drug Interactions: Antifungals (e.g., itraconazole, ketoconazole), macrolide antibiotics (e.g., clarithromycin, erythromycin) reduce elimination and excretion of colchicine, increasing side effects.
- Products Available in Market: Names of products mentioned in the slides.
Onion
- Botanical Origin: The ripe bulb from Allium cepa Linn., Liliaceae family.
- Geographical Origin: Used historically in China, Egypt, Iran, and Pakistan, now cultivated and used worldwide.
- Morphology: Shortened, compressed underground stems surrounded by fleshy modified scale leaves that envelop a central bud at the tip of the stem. Pungent when chopped. Contains chemical substances that may irritate eyes.
- Microscopy: Epidermis of onion scaly leaves showing nucleus.
- Active Constituents:
- Organosulfur compounds: Onionin A, cysteine sulfoxides (cycloalliin, isoalliin, methiin, propiin).
- Phenolic compounds: Rutin, quercetin, quercetin glucosides; Quercetin main compound in red onion skin, with quercetin-4-glucoside main compound in bulbs.
- Phytoestrogens: Coumestrol, zearalenol, isoflavones and humulone.
- Volatile oil.
- Polysaccharides: Inulin, fructooligosaccharides, galactose, glucose, and mannose.
- Saponins.
- Anthocyanins (higher in red onions than yellow).
- Chemical Test: Onion tissues produce volatile sulfur compounds when cells are damaged mechanically. Measure pyruvic acid concentration in onion juice (using the Schwimmer and Weston method). Add pyruvic acid to reaction with 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) (NaOH or KOH present). Measure color absorbance at 420 nm using spectrophotometer.
- Medicinal Uses:
- Anti-cancer: Due to organosulfur compounds and selenium. Studies show lower risk of breast, brain, gastric, prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancers with higher onion intake.
- Antidiabetic: Due to organosulfur compounds and quercetin. Stimulates insulin production, interferes with dietary glucose absorption, and saves insulin.
- Inhibit activity of α-glucosidase, hexokinase, glucose 6-phosphatase and HMG coenzyme-A reductase.
- Fibrinolytic: Due to organosulfur compounds and quercetin. Increases coagulation time, fibrinolytic activity, and inhibits thromboxane A2 (TXA2).
- Anti-obesity: Rich onion peel extract suppresses preadipocyte differentiation and inhibits adipogenesis.
- Cardioprotective: Due to organosulfur compounds and quercetin, decreases elevated blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy, and atherosclerosis. Also exhibits hypolipidemic effects on serum LDL cholesterol.
- Antimicrobial: Due to quercetin and quercetin glycosides. Possesses potent antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties.
- Bone protective: Protective effects on bone due to organosulfur compounds, phytoestrogens, and quercetin. Vitamins K and C. Protective for women at risk of osteoporosis.
- Gastrointestinal tract: High soluble fiber content with compounds like inulin. Stimulates the growth of helpful microorganisms like bifido bacteria and lactobacilli. Restores activities of AST, ALT and LDH. Antispasmodic and anti-diarrheal activities. Treats peptic ulcers by promoting mucus secretion
- Central nervous system: Helpful in anxiety and depression, improvement of behavioral deficits, motor incoordination, and short-term memory.
- Respiratory system: Antioxidant and immunomodulatory. May be useful in allergic rhinitis, obstructive pulmonary diseases, and asthma.
- Urogenital: Due to quercetin. Increases libido, sperm motility, and sperm viability. Improvement of sexual impotence. Improve prostatitis, and Reduce prostate cancer risk. Also has a diuretic property and results in extracting renal stones.
- Externally: Onion oil can stop hair fall, and promote growth.
- Dose: Onions commonly consumed in foods. Onion extract is possibly safe when used as medicine in doses up to 900 mg daily for up to 12 weeks.
- Side Effects: Generally safe for humans but concerns exist regarding pesticide residue. Can cause diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, headaches, and stomach pain with prolonged consumption of moldy onions.
- Contraindications: No known contraindications in normal doses. May be unsafe to use in larger quantities during pregnancy or breastfeeding without enough reliable data. People with allergies to mugwort and celery may also be allergic to onion. Onion might slow blood clotting and lower blood sugar, increasing risk of bleeding or interfering with blood sugar control during and after surgical procedures.
- Drug Interactions: Aspirin might increase onion sensitivity. Antidiabetes drugs + onion supplements may induce hypoglycemia. Anticoagulant drugs + onion supplements may cause bleeding problems.
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Description
Test your knowledge on immunostimulants and colchicine, focusing on their mechanisms of action, uses, and characteristics. This quiz will cover key concepts related to immune response, dosage, and the medicinal properties of colchicine. Get ready to challenge your understanding of these topics!
