Immunology Workbook

<p>IgM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crossing the placenta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgE is typically found in high levels in asthmatics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antimicrobial agents and enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microbes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antigen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Killing or weakening pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type-1 cytokines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type-2 cytokines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complement system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microbes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They activate immature T cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In nodes and spleen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It promotes B cell growth and differentiation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They regulate the immune response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell surface receptors on antigen-presenting cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunology is the study of the body's defense systems and responses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the body's first line of defense against infections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helper T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-specific immunity acts broadly while adaptive immunity targets specific pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creating memory maps or spider diagrams. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ability to identify organs of the immune system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10 minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opsonins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To process protein antigens into peptides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Programmed cell death (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complement system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibronectin pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To coat antigens for easier recognition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histamine (A), Antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone marrow (A), Myeloid stem cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linking innate and adaptive immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Innate immune response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Granulocyte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histamine and heparin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Location of maturation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

IgD is found in low levels in blood and cannot activate the complement system. It's a significant part of B lymphocyte receptors.

IgE is found in small amounts in serum and attached to mast cells/basophils. High levels are linked to allergies.

IgG is the most common antibody, found in blood/tissue fluid. It defends against toxins and microbes, is key in secondary immune responses, and acts as an opsonin.

Maternal IgG is transferred across the placenta, providing passive immunity to newborns for several months.

IgM is the largest immunoglobulin, often the first antibody response in a primary immune response, but is short-lived.

Phagocytes engulf pathogens, forming a phagolysosome where toxins kill the pathogens.

An opsonin is a substance that enhances phagocytosis.

The initial immune response to an antigen.

The branch of biology that studies the immune system and its functions.

The body's initial barriers against infection (e.g. skin, mucus, etc.).

A non-specific immune response that provides immediate protection against pathogens.

A specific immune response that develops after exposure to a pathogen.

An immune response that involves antibodies.

An immune response that involves cells directly attacking pathogens.

Physical structures that house and support the immune system.

A workbook to study Immunology concepts.

Microscopic organisms found in various environments like water, soil, and air. Some microbes are harmful (pathogenic), while others are beneficial to our health.

Any substance that triggers an immune response in the body. It specifically reacts with antibodies or immune cells.

Proteins that affect the immune system by either boosting or suppressing it. There are different types with specific roles.

Special proteins made by activated white blood cells (B cells) to fight infections. They can target and neutralize pathogens.

Another name for antibodies. There are different classes of immunoglobulins, each with unique functions.

A type of antibody found in mucous membranes, saliva, tears, and breast milk. It protects against infections in these areas.

Found in mucosal linings, saliva, tears, and breast milk, it acts like a first line defense against pathogens.

Found in the blood, it cannot activate the complement system to kill pathogens directly.

Immune cells that display fragments of antigens on their surface to activate other immune cells, like T cells.

The part of the immune system that learns to recognize and target specific pathogens. It adapts to new threats and builds long-lasting immunity.

Any substance that triggers an immune response. This can include proteins, carbohydrates, or even parts of bacteria or viruses.

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play a crucial role in activating adaptive immunity by presenting antigen fragments to T cells.

The adaptive immune response is a key regulator of the immune system. It's responsible for recognizing and attacking specific pathogens, building immunity, and providing long-term protection.

The process where immune cells called phagocytes engulf and destroy foreign objects like bacteria, viruses, or cellular debris.

Programmed cell death, a natural process where cells are eliminated in a controlled manner, often due to damage or unnecessary growth.

A group of proteins in the blood that work together to defend against pathogens by directly destroying them or activating other immune cells.

The three main pathways of the complement system are the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway. Each pathway is triggered by a different mechanism and ultimately leads to the activation of a cascade of proteins that ultimately destroys the pathogen.

Mast cells are innate immune cells that release histamine and other inflammatory mediators in response to allergens or pathogens. This attracts immune cells to the site of injury and helps defend against parasites.

Mast cells release a variety of inflammatory mediators, including histamine, heparin, and cytokines. Histamine dilates blood vessels, bringing more immune cells to the area.

Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that link the innate and adaptive immune systems. They capture and process antigens, then migrate to lymph nodes to present them to T cells, initiating an adaptive immune response.

Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated immune response to an antigen. It can range from mild allergic reactions to severe anaphylaxis.

Histamine is a key mediator of hypersensitivity reactions. It dilates blood vessels and increases vascular permeability, causing symptoms like swelling, redness, and itching.

Mast cells release histamine and other inflammatory mediators in response to allergens or pathogens. These mediators contribute to the symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions, such as itching, swelling, and redness.

Mast cells play a vital role in host defense against parasitic infections. They release inflammatory mediators that attract immune cells and help fight the parasites.