59 Questions
What is the primary function of Th1 mediated immunity?
Clearing intracellular microbes
Which of the following is NOT an effector mechanism of Th2 cells?
Inducing chemokines to recruit neutrophils
What is the primary function of Th17 cells in terms of eliminating pathogens?
Eliminating extracellular bacteria and fungi
What is the role of CD40L and CD40 in Tfh cells?
Promoting antibody production
In which location do Th2 cells eliminate helminthic parasites?
Periphery
What is the result of Th17 cells maintaining epithelial barrier function?
Protection against mucosal infections
What is the primary function of T cells in the immune response?
To recognize and respond to pathogens through direct contact
Which subtype of Th cell produces cytokines such as IL-10 and TGFβ?
Treg
What drives the migration of T cells to specific sites in the body?
The recognition of pathogen-derived antigen through direct contact
What is the primary site of activation for T cells that regulate B cell function?
Lymph nodes
What is the ratio of the volume of a T cell to the volume of the human body?
1:10^13
What is the purpose of T cell migration in the context of the immune response?
To allow T cells to recognize and respond to pathogens
What is the process by which T cells enter tissue?
Extravasation
Which selectins are involved in the migration of T cells to inflamed tissue?
E- and P-selectin
What is the primary mechanism of apoptosis induction by granzyme/perforin granules?
Caspase activation
Which type of T cell is responsible for killing target cells that present the same Ag/MHCI on their surface?
CD8 T cells
What is the role of the APC in T cell migration?
To direct the T cell to the right tissue
What is the function of CXCL10 in T cell migration?
To produce a chemokine gradient
What attracts effector cells to the site of infection?
Chemokines and adhesion molecules
What is the difference in adhesion molecule expression between naïve and effector T cells?
Naïve T cells express L-selectin, while effector T cells express E- and P-selectin
What is the primary function of unconventional T cells such as γδ T cells and iNKT cells?
Cytotoxicity and cytokine production
What is the purpose of the chemokine gradient in T cell migration?
To attract T cells into the infected tissue
What is the main target of γδ T cells?
Bacterial infections, pathogenic toxins, and stress markers
What is the characteristic of unconventional T cells such as γδ T cells and iNKT cells?
Recognition of non-peptide antigens
Which type of immune response is thought to be somewhere between innate and adaptive immunity?
Unconventional T cells and ILC
What is the primary function of cytokines such as IL-2 and TNFα in terms of cytotoxicity?
To induce apoptosis through Fas:FasL pathway
Which of the following cytokines is NOT involved in cytotoxicity?
IL-17
What is the role of perforin and granzyme in terms of cytotoxicity?
To form pores in the target cell membrane
Which of the following immune cells is NOT involved in phagocytosis?
T cells
What is the role of Fas:FasL pathway in terms of cytotoxicity?
To induce apoptosis in target cells
Cytokines are a type of chemokine that attract cells to particular sites.
False
Th cells carry out their function exclusively in the lymph node.
False
T cell migration is initiated by the interaction between molecules on T cells and on endothelial cells lining blood vessels.
True
Chemokines are involved in the activation of B cells.
False
Adhesion molecule expression on endothelium is downregulated by cytokines during the innate immune response.
False
IL-21 is involved in the activation of naive B cells to proliferate and differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells.
True
Tfh cells contribute to the eradication of only certain classes of pathogens.
False
Tregs can inhibit effector responses by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines.
False
Tregs can inhibit effector responses by blocking and endocytosing CD80 and CD86.
True
Tregs can inhibit effector responses by providing CTLA-4, which engages CD80 and CD86.
False
CD4+ Tregs cells can rip-off and endocytose CD80/86 from CD4+ Th cells.
True
CD8 T cells require CD4 help for the production of IL-2 and increased CD80/86 expression on the surface of antigen-presenting cells.
True
The cytokine IL-10 is produced by Th1 cells and promotes pro-inflammatory responses.
False
TGFβ is involved in the elimination of helminthic parasites and promotes IgE production.
True
Th17 cells are involved in the elimination of intracellular pathogens and promote mucosal immunity.
True
IL-12 is involved in the differentiation of Th2 cells and promotes the production of IL-4 and IL-5.
False
CD4 Th cell effector function is largely governed by the cytokines produced by CD8 T cells.
False
Granzyme and perforin mediated death is a type of uncontrolled cell death.
False
CD8 (Tc) cells kill target cells that present a different Ag/MHCI on their surface.
False
γδ T cells recognize peptide antigens presented by MHC class I molecules.
False
MAIT cells are primarily found in lymphoid tissue and blood.
False
Fas-FasL pathway is involved in granzyme/perforin mediated death.
False
Unconventional T cells are thought to be part of the adaptive immune response.
False
IL-17 is involved in cytotoxicity
False
IL-12 is involved in cytokine activity
True
Fas:FasL pathway is involved in perforin/granzyme mediated cytotoxicity
False
Unconventional T cells are thought to be exclusively part of the innate immune response
False
Cytokines are involved in the activation of B cells
False
Th cells are exclusively involved in humoral immune response
False
Study Notes
- Phagocytosis, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production are key mechanisms of immune response.
- Fas:FasL and perforin/granzyme pathways induce apoptosis, leading to programmed cell death.
- IL-2, TNFα, IL-17, IL-18, IL-12, IFN-I, and IFN-γ are cytokines involved in immune response.
- Unconventional T cells, including γδ T cells, iNKT cells, MAIT cells, and mucosal-associated T cells, are thought to be between innate and adaptive immunity.
- These cells have distinct antigen recognition patterns, including non-peptide, lipids, microbial lipids/glycolipids, and microbial-derived vitamin B2 metabolites.
- T cell effector functions occur in the lymph node and periphery, with different subtypes having distinct functions, such as Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh, and Treg.
- Th1 cells clear intracellular microbes, Th2 cells eliminate helminthic parasites, Th17 cells protect against bacteria, and Tfh cells activate B cells.
- T cell migration is crucial for immune response, with T cells migrating to sites of infection in response to chemokine gradients.
- Chemokines and adhesion molecules play a key role in T cell migration, with different molecules involved in naïve and effector T cell migration.
- T cell function and migration are two sides of the same coin, with T cells responding to pathogens only through direct contact with antigen.
- Granzyme/perforin granules and Fas–FasL pathways are involved in induced apoptosis, leading to programmed cell death.
- T cell migration involves binding, rolling, and extravasation, with integrins and adhesion molecules playing a key role.
- The adaptive immune response involves T cell effector functions, including cytotoxicity, cytokine production, and B cell activation.
Test your understanding of Th1 and Th2 mediated immunity, including the mechanisms of macrophage and neutrophil activation, antibody production, and parasite elimination. Learn about the roles of IgG and IgE in immune response and the suppression of macrophages.
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