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Which type of immunity primarily responds to extracellular antigens?
Which type of immunity primarily responds to extracellular antigens?
What is a primary mechanism of defense in cell-mediated immunity?
What is a primary mechanism of defense in cell-mediated immunity?
What cells are primarily involved in humoral immunity?
What cells are primarily involved in humoral immunity?
What antibody is commonly produced during sensitization to an allergen?
What antibody is commonly produced during sensitization to an allergen?
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Which cell type is primarily involved in activating delayed hypersensitivity?
Which cell type is primarily involved in activating delayed hypersensitivity?
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What is the primary function of vaccines?
What is the primary function of vaccines?
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Which of the following is a consequence of antibiotic resistance?
Which of the following is a consequence of antibiotic resistance?
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What is the primary type of immune cells involved in acute inflammation?
What is the primary type of immune cells involved in acute inflammation?
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Which of the following outcomes is typical of chronic inflammation?
Which of the following outcomes is typical of chronic inflammation?
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What role does horizontal gene transfer play in antibiotic resistance?
What role does horizontal gene transfer play in antibiotic resistance?
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During acute inflammation, what is the primary action of mast cells?
During acute inflammation, what is the primary action of mast cells?
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Which systemic effect is commonly associated with acute inflammation?
Which systemic effect is commonly associated with acute inflammation?
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Which immune cells are involved in the detection of foreign material or cell damage?
Which immune cells are involved in the detection of foreign material or cell damage?
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What is the purpose of granuloma formation in chronic inflammation?
What is the purpose of granuloma formation in chronic inflammation?
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What is the initial response time for acute inflammation?
What is the initial response time for acute inflammation?
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Which immune response is primarily mediated by T cytotoxic cells?
Which immune response is primarily mediated by T cytotoxic cells?
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What characterizes the local manifestations of acute inflammation?
What characterizes the local manifestations of acute inflammation?
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Which of the following statements about passive immunization is correct?
Which of the following statements about passive immunization is correct?
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What is a major reason for the increase in antibiotic resistance?
What is a major reason for the increase in antibiotic resistance?
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Which cells capture, process, and present antigens to initiate adaptive immune responses?
Which cells capture, process, and present antigens to initiate adaptive immune responses?
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In chronic inflammation, what is a potential consequence of excessive tissue damage?
In chronic inflammation, what is a potential consequence of excessive tissue damage?
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What is the first step in the process of infection?
What is the first step in the process of infection?
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Which stage of infection is characterized by initial symptoms like discomfort and tiredness?
Which stage of infection is characterized by initial symptoms like discomfort and tiredness?
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During which stage does the immune system begin to eliminate the pathogen?
During which stage does the immune system begin to eliminate the pathogen?
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How do antibiotics primarily function against bacteria?
How do antibiotics primarily function against bacteria?
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What is a key consequence of the overuse and misuse of antibiotics?
What is a key consequence of the overuse and misuse of antibiotics?
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Which mechanism may pathogens use to penetrate the host's barriers?
Which mechanism may pathogens use to penetrate the host's barriers?
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What distinguishes the invasion or acute illness period from other stages of infection?
What distinguishes the invasion or acute illness period from other stages of infection?
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What happens during the cellular or tissue damage phase caused by a pathogen?
What happens during the cellular or tissue damage phase caused by a pathogen?
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What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune response?
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune response?
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Which process is involved in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)?
Which process is involved in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)?
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What is primarily responsible for initiating the adaptive immune response?
What is primarily responsible for initiating the adaptive immune response?
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Which of the following is NOT a local manifestation of acute inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a local manifestation of acute inflammation?
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What characterizes chronic inflammation?
What characterizes chronic inflammation?
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Which of the following can lead to chronic inflammation?
Which of the following can lead to chronic inflammation?
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What is a potential outcome of chronic inflammation?
What is a potential outcome of chronic inflammation?
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Which component is elevated in the plasma during inflammation?
Which component is elevated in the plasma during inflammation?
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Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE antibodies and mast cells?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE antibodies and mast cells?
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What is the primary consequence of a Type II hypersensitivity reaction?
What is the primary consequence of a Type II hypersensitivity reaction?
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In which hypersensitivity type are T cells primarily involved?
In which hypersensitivity type are T cells primarily involved?
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Which of the following diseases is an example of a Type III hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following diseases is an example of a Type III hypersensitivity reaction?
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What characterizes primary immunodeficiency?
What characterizes primary immunodeficiency?
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What type of immune cells are primarily involved in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
What type of immune cells are primarily involved in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
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What mechanism leads to tissue damage in Type III hypersensitivity reactions?
What mechanism leads to tissue damage in Type III hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which hypersensitivity reaction can result in opportunistic infections due to immune system failures?
Which hypersensitivity reaction can result in opportunistic infections due to immune system failures?
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Study Notes
Understanding Infection and the Clinical Course
- Infection begins with a pathogen encountering the host, either through direct contact, contaminated substances, or animal/insect bites.
- Pathogens must then colonize the host environment by adhering to host cells and surviving/multiplying.
- Pathogens must invade or penetrate host surface barriers (skin, mucous membranes)
- Dissemination occurs via tissues or blood/lymphatic vessels.
- Pathogens cause harm directly (lysis during replication) or indirectly (host's immune/inflammatory responses)
- Four stages: incubation, prodromal, invasion/acute illness, convalescence
Clinical Course Stages
- Incubation Period: Time between initial exposure and first symptoms; pathogens multiply but aren't yet causing symptoms.
- Prodromal Stage: Initial mild symptoms (discomfort, tiredness) appear as pathogens multiply further.
- Invasion/Acute Illness Period: Rapid pathogen multiplication, tissue invasion, and marked immune & inflammatory responses; symptoms related to the pathogen or inflammation.
- Convalescence: Immune system usually eliminates the pathogen; symptoms subside; may enter a latency phase (disease may be fatal if not eliminated).
Countering Infectious Diseases
- Antibiotics: Target bacterial processes (cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, DNA replication); overuse/misuse leads to antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
- Vaccines: Weakened/inactivated pathogens expose the immune system, triggering antibody & memory cell production for faster future responses.
- Passive Immunization: Pre-formed antibodies administered to individuals exposed to pathogens; provides immediate, but temporary, protection.
Antibiotic Resistance
- Overuse and Misuse: Creates selective pressures that favor resistant strains.
- Horizontal Gene Transfer: Bacteria sharing genetic material which can include antibiotic resistance.
Consequences of Antibiotic Resistance
- Increased Morbidity/Mortality: Treatment becomes more difficult, leading to prolonged illness, complications, and death.
- High Healthcare Costs: Treatment becomes costly, with prolonged therapies required.
- Limited Treatment Options: Fewer new antibiotics are being developed.
Acute Inflammation
- Rapid, localized response to injury or infection.
- Aims to neutralize/eliminate pathogens and promote tissue repair.
- Occurs within seconds-minutes, resolves within days.
- Key steps involve: foreign material detection via immune cells, activation of local immune cells releasing inflammatory mediators, immune cell recruitment, phagocytosis (engulfing material) & reactive oxygen species release
- Collateral tissue damage is an additional effect.
Chronic Inflammation
- Long-lasting inflammation (2+ weeks), characterized by excessive infiltration of immune cells (lymphocytes & macrophages).
- Unlike acute inflammation, chronic inflammation is NOT productive & can cause significant tissue damage and promote cancer development.
- Causes may include: unsuccessful acute response, pathogen evasion, persistent tissue damage, and exposure to irritants or physical damage.
Comparing Acute and Chronic Inflammation
- Duration: Acute is short-term (days), chronic lasts for weeks or longer.
- Immune Cells: Acute involves mainly neutrophils, chronic involves lymphocytes & macrophages.
Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Sensitization: Initial exposure to an allergen primes the immune system to react more quickly and strongly during subsequent exposures to the allergen.
Comparing and Contrasting Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Type I: Immediate, IgE antibodies bind to mast cells/basophils (allergic reactions - asthma, allergies), causing release of histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins.
- Type II: Cytotoxic; antibodies binding to cell surface antigens activate complement systems & phagocytosis, destruction of the targeted cell. (autoimmune hemolytic anemia)
- Type III: Immune complex-mediated; immune complexes deposit in tissues, activating complement & neutrophils (systemic lupus erythematosus, serum sickness)
- Type IV: Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions; T cells mediate the response, leading to cytokine release, macrophage activation, and cytotoxic T cell responses. (contact dermatitis, tuberculin skin test),
Immunodeficiency
- Primary Immunodeficiency: Genetic defects affecting immune system development or function. Early onset.
- Secondary Immunodeficiency: Underlying conditions/external factors that impair immune function; more common than primary; caused by malnutrition, HIV, immunosuppressives, or cancer.
HIV and AIDS
- HIV targets CD4+ T helper cells, vital for adaptive immunity.
- Infection involves gp120 binding to CD4., RNA conversion to DNA, & integration into host genome to remain dormant
- Stages: acute infection (flu-like), chronic infection (viral replication, immune function decline), and AIDS (CD4+ count below 200, opportunistic infections).
Cytokines and Fever
- Fever is a response to infection, driven by cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6) that act on the hypothalamus raising body temp
- Results in heat production and conservation
Causes and Consequences of Cachexia
- Cachexia is a condition marked by muscle wasting (or breakdown and loss of muscle mass).
- Causes of cachexia include chronic inflammatory conditions (e.g., cancer, HIV)
- Consequences include diminished quality of life, increased susceptibility to infections and complications, and treatment resistance.
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Description
Test your knowledge of immunology with this comprehensive quiz covering topics such as humoral and cell-mediated immunity, the role of antibodies, and the mechanisms of inflammation. Perfect for students learning about the immune system's responses to various antigens and challenges.
