Immunology Review Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of immunity primarily responds to extracellular antigens?

  • Innate immunity
  • Cell-mediated immunity
  • Humoral immunity (correct)
  • Cytotoxic immunity

What is a primary mechanism of defense in cell-mediated immunity?

  • Complement activation
  • Antibody production
  • Direct cell killing (correct)
  • Neutralization

What cells are primarily involved in humoral immunity?

  • B cells and plasma cells (correct)
  • Macrophages and T cells
  • Natural killer cells
  • Dendritic cells

What antibody is commonly produced during sensitization to an allergen?

<p>IgE (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is primarily involved in activating delayed hypersensitivity?

<p>Tc cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vaccines?

<p>To trigger the production of antibodies and memory cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of antibiotic resistance?

<p>Higher healthcare costs for treatment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary type of immune cells involved in acute inflammation?

<p>Neutrophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following outcomes is typical of chronic inflammation?

<p>Excessive tissue damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does horizontal gene transfer play in antibiotic resistance?

<p>It allows the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During acute inflammation, what is the primary action of mast cells?

<p>To release histamine and cause vasodilation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which systemic effect is commonly associated with acute inflammation?

<p>Leukocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells are involved in the detection of foreign material or cell damage?

<p>Mast cells and macrophages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of granuloma formation in chronic inflammation?

<p>To contain persistent irritants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial response time for acute inflammation?

<p>Seconds to minutes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response is primarily mediated by T cytotoxic cells?

<p>Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the local manifestations of acute inflammation?

<p>Swelling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about passive immunization is correct?

<p>It involves the use of preformed antibodies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major reason for the increase in antibiotic resistance?

<p>Misuse and overuse of antibiotics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells capture, process, and present antigens to initiate adaptive immune responses?

<p>Professional antigen-presenting cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In chronic inflammation, what is a potential consequence of excessive tissue damage?

<p>Development of cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the process of infection?

<p>Encounter and transmission of a pathogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of infection is characterized by initial symptoms like discomfort and tiredness?

<p>Prodromal stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage does the immune system begin to eliminate the pathogen?

<p>Convalescence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do antibiotics primarily function against bacteria?

<p>By disrupting essential bacterial processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consequence of the overuse and misuse of antibiotics?

<p>Emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism may pathogens use to penetrate the host's barriers?

<p>Direct penetration or injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the invasion or acute illness period from other stages of infection?

<p>Rapid multiplication and tissue invasion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the cellular or tissue damage phase caused by a pathogen?

<p>Direct lysis during replication or toxin production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune response?

<p>Engulfing foreign material and debris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is involved in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)?

<p>DNA extrusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for initiating the adaptive immune response?

<p>Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a local manifestation of acute inflammation?

<p>Fever (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes chronic inflammation?

<p>Excessive immune cell infiltration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can lead to chronic inflammation?

<p>Unsuccessful acute inflammatory response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of chronic inflammation?

<p>Development of cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is elevated in the plasma during inflammation?

<p>C-reactive protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE antibodies and mast cells?

<p>Type I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of a Type II hypersensitivity reaction?

<p>Cytotoxic reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which hypersensitivity type are T cells primarily involved?

<p>Type IV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is an example of a Type III hypersensitivity reaction?

<p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes primary immunodeficiency?

<p>Genetic defects affecting immune function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune cells are primarily involved in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

<p>Mast cells and basophils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism leads to tissue damage in Type III hypersensitivity reactions?

<p>Complement activation and neutrophil recruitment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypersensitivity reaction can result in opportunistic infections due to immune system failures?

<p>Immunodeficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Encounter and Transmission

The initial stage of infection where the pathogen enters the host's body.

Colonization

The process where a pathogen adheres to host cells and multiplies within the host's body.

Invasion

When a pathogen breaks through the body's natural barriers like skin or mucous membranes.

Dissemination

The spread of a pathogen throughout the body through tissues, blood, or lymphatic vessels.

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Cellular or Tissue Damage

The damage caused to cells and tissues by the pathogen, either directly or indirectly through the body's immune response.

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Incubation Period

The time between initial exposure to a pathogen and the appearance of the first symptoms.

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Prodromal Stage

The stage marked by mild symptoms like discomfort and tiredness, as the pathogen continues to grow.

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Invasion or Acute Illness Period

The stage of rapid pathogen growth, tissue invasion, and immune system activation, leading to pronounced symptoms.

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What are vaccines?

A method of preventing disease by exposing the body to weakened or inactive pathogens, prompting the immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells for faster and more effective responses to future exposures.

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What is passive immunization?

A type of immunity provided by directly administering pre-made antibodies to protect against infections, offering immediate, but temporary, protection.

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What is antibiotic resistance?

The ability of bacteria to resist the effects of antibiotics, making infections harder to treat.

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How does overuse of antibiotics contribute to resistance?

The overuse and misuse of antibiotics create conditions favoring the survival and multiplication of resistant bacteria.

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How does horizontal gene transfer play a role in antibiotic resistance?

The exchange of genetic material, including antibiotic resistance genes, between bacteria, increasing the spread of resistance.

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What is acute inflammation?

A rapid localized response to injury or infection, aiming to neutralize pathogens and promote tissue repair, typically resolving within days.

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How does the body detect foreign material or damage in acute inflammation?

Immune cells identify foreign invaders or damaged tissues using non-specific receptors, triggering an inflammatory cascade.

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What occurs during the activation of local immune cells in acute inflammation?

Upon activation, local immune cells release chemical messengers called inflammatory mediators, which trigger vasodilation, increase vascular permeability, and recruit more immune cells.

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Phagocytosis

The process where immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages engulf foreign material and debris.

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Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Neutrophils release these toxic chemicals to kill pathogens, but can also damage healthy tissue.

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Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET)

A web-like trap made of DNA released by neutrophils to capture microbes and alert other immune cells.

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Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

Specialized immune cells, like macrophages and dendritic cells, that present pieces of pathogens to T cells to start the adaptive immune response.

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Adaptive Immunity

The body's targeted and long-lasting immune response, utilizing specific lymphocytes and memory cells.

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Resolution and Tissue Repair

The process where the body repairs damage and inflammation subsides after a successful immune response.

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Chronic Inflammation

Inflammation that lasts for two weeks or longer, characterized by excessive immune cell infiltration and potential tissue damage.

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Causes of Chronic Inflammation

Factors that contribute to chronic inflammation, such as persistent pathogens, tissue damage, or irritants.

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Acute Inflammation

A type of inflammation that lasts for a short period, typically resolving within days. It's characterized by the involvement of neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages, and usually leads to successful tissue repair.

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Granuloma

A cluster of macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts that form in chronic inflammation to contain persistent irritants. They wall off the irritant but also contribute to tissue damage.

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Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

Immune cells that initiate adaptive immune responses by capturing, processing, and presenting antigens to T helper cells.

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Humoral Immunity

A branch of the adaptive immune system that targets extracellular pathogens and toxins. It involves B cells producing antibodies.

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Cell-mediated Immunity

A branch of the adaptive immune system that eliminates infected or abnormal cells. It involves cytotoxic T cells that target intracellular antigens.

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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Proteins expressed on the surface of cells that present antigen fragments to T cells.

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T Helper Cells (Th Cells)

T cells that are stimulated by APCs through MHC molecules. They orchestrate the development of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

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What is sensitization in allergy?

The initial exposure to an allergen that primes the immune system to react upon subsequent exposures. It involves production of allergen-specific IgE antibodies, which bind to mast cells and basophils.

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What is the primary goal of humoral immunity?

Humoral immunity targets extracellular antigens like pathogens and toxins. It relies on B cells, plasma cells, and antibodies to neutralize, opsonize, and activate complement pathways.

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What is the main focus of cell-mediated immunity?

Cell-mediated immunity directly tackles intracellular threats like viruses, bacteria, and cancer cells. It's mediated by cells like T cells, NK cells, and macrophages.

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What key defense mechanisms do antibodies utilize in humoral immunity?

Antibodies produced in humoral immunity are responsible for neutralization, opsonization, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).

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How do cytotoxic T cells directly combat infected cells in cell-mediated immunity?

Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected cells through the release of cytotoxic molecules like perforin and granzyme. They also utilize Fas-FasL interactions and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).

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Type I Hypersensitivity

A type of immune response where the immune system overreacts to harmless substances like pollen or food causing symptoms like sneezing, itching, and skin rash.

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Type II Hypersensitivity

This occurs when antibodies attack and destroy the body's own cells, often leading to autoimmune diseases.

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Type III Hypersensitivity

This reaction involves immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) that build up in tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.

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Type IV Hypersensitivity

Involves T cells like Th1 and Tc cells, it develops slowly with symptoms appearing hours or days after exposure to the allergen.

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Immunodeficiency

A weakened immune system that makes the body more susceptible to infections.

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Primary Immunodeficiency

A type of immunodeficiency caused by genetic defects that impact the immune system development, often diagnosed early in life.

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Opportunistic Infections

Infections caused by microorganisms that usually don't harm healthy individuals but can cause severe illness in people with weakened immune systems.

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Immunocompromised

A condition where a person is more vulnerable to infections, often due to a weakened immune system from factors like aging, chronic illnesses, or medications.

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Study Notes

Understanding Infection and the Clinical Course

  • Infection begins with a pathogen encountering the host, either through direct contact, contaminated substances, or animal/insect bites.
  • Pathogens must then colonize the host environment by adhering to host cells and surviving/multiplying.
  • Pathogens must invade or penetrate host surface barriers (skin, mucous membranes)
  • Dissemination occurs via tissues or blood/lymphatic vessels.
  • Pathogens cause harm directly (lysis during replication) or indirectly (host's immune/inflammatory responses)
  • Four stages: incubation, prodromal, invasion/acute illness, convalescence

Clinical Course Stages

  • Incubation Period: Time between initial exposure and first symptoms; pathogens multiply but aren't yet causing symptoms.
  • Prodromal Stage: Initial mild symptoms (discomfort, tiredness) appear as pathogens multiply further.
  • Invasion/Acute Illness Period: Rapid pathogen multiplication, tissue invasion, and marked immune & inflammatory responses; symptoms related to the pathogen or inflammation.
  • Convalescence: Immune system usually eliminates the pathogen; symptoms subside; may enter a latency phase (disease may be fatal if not eliminated).

Countering Infectious Diseases

  • Antibiotics: Target bacterial processes (cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, DNA replication); overuse/misuse leads to antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
  • Vaccines: Weakened/inactivated pathogens expose the immune system, triggering antibody & memory cell production for faster future responses.
  • Passive Immunization: Pre-formed antibodies administered to individuals exposed to pathogens; provides immediate, but temporary, protection.

Antibiotic Resistance

  • Overuse and Misuse: Creates selective pressures that favor resistant strains.
  • Horizontal Gene Transfer: Bacteria sharing genetic material which can include antibiotic resistance.

Consequences of Antibiotic Resistance

  • Increased Morbidity/Mortality: Treatment becomes more difficult, leading to prolonged illness, complications, and death.
  • High Healthcare Costs: Treatment becomes costly, with prolonged therapies required.
  • Limited Treatment Options: Fewer new antibiotics are being developed.

Acute Inflammation

  • Rapid, localized response to injury or infection.
  • Aims to neutralize/eliminate pathogens and promote tissue repair.
  • Occurs within seconds-minutes, resolves within days.
  • Key steps involve: foreign material detection via immune cells, activation of local immune cells releasing inflammatory mediators, immune cell recruitment, phagocytosis (engulfing material) & reactive oxygen species release
  • Collateral tissue damage is an additional effect.

Chronic Inflammation

  • Long-lasting inflammation (2+ weeks), characterized by excessive infiltration of immune cells (lymphocytes & macrophages).
  • Unlike acute inflammation, chronic inflammation is NOT productive & can cause significant tissue damage and promote cancer development.
  • Causes may include: unsuccessful acute response, pathogen evasion, persistent tissue damage, and exposure to irritants or physical damage.

Comparing Acute and Chronic Inflammation

  • Duration: Acute is short-term (days), chronic lasts for weeks or longer.
  • Immune Cells: Acute involves mainly neutrophils, chronic involves lymphocytes & macrophages.

Hypersensitivity Reactions

  • Sensitization: Initial exposure to an allergen primes the immune system to react more quickly and strongly during subsequent exposures to the allergen.

Comparing and Contrasting Hypersensitivity Reactions

  • Type I: Immediate, IgE antibodies bind to mast cells/basophils (allergic reactions - asthma, allergies), causing release of histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins.
  • Type II: Cytotoxic; antibodies binding to cell surface antigens activate complement systems & phagocytosis, destruction of the targeted cell. (autoimmune hemolytic anemia)
  • Type III: Immune complex-mediated; immune complexes deposit in tissues, activating complement & neutrophils (systemic lupus erythematosus, serum sickness)
  • Type IV: Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions; T cells mediate the response, leading to cytokine release, macrophage activation, and cytotoxic T cell responses. (contact dermatitis, tuberculin skin test),

Immunodeficiency

  • Primary Immunodeficiency: Genetic defects affecting immune system development or function. Early onset.
  • Secondary Immunodeficiency: Underlying conditions/external factors that impair immune function; more common than primary; caused by malnutrition, HIV, immunosuppressives, or cancer.

HIV and AIDS

  • HIV targets CD4+ T helper cells, vital for adaptive immunity.
  • Infection involves gp120 binding to CD4., RNA conversion to DNA, & integration into host genome to remain dormant
  • Stages: acute infection (flu-like), chronic infection (viral replication, immune function decline), and AIDS (CD4+ count below 200, opportunistic infections).

Cytokines and Fever

  • Fever is a response to infection, driven by cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6) that act on the hypothalamus raising body temp
  • Results in heat production and conservation

Causes and Consequences of Cachexia

  • Cachexia is a condition marked by muscle wasting (or breakdown and loss of muscle mass).
  • Causes of cachexia include chronic inflammatory conditions (e.g., cancer, HIV)
  • Consequences include diminished quality of life, increased susceptibility to infections and complications, and treatment resistance.

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Module 1 Notes - Infection & Immunity PDF

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Test your knowledge of immunology with this comprehensive quiz covering topics such as humoral and cell-mediated immunity, the role of antibodies, and the mechanisms of inflammation. Perfect for students learning about the immune system's responses to various antigens and challenges.

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