63 Questions
How many identical light chains are present in the basic structure of immunoglobulins?
Two
Which type of disulfide bonds are present between the heavy and light chains?
Inter-chain
What regions make up the light chain of an immunoglobulin molecule?
V and C
How many constant regions does the heavy chain of an immunoglobulin contain?
3
Which bonds are found within each of the polypeptide chains of immunoglobulins?
Intra-chain
Which immunoglobulin class is characterized by having gamma heavy chains?
IgG
The major immunoglobulin in serum constitutes what percentage of serum immunoglobulins?
75%
How many IgG subclasses are there?
4
Which immunoglobulin class has epsilon heavy chains?
IgE
What specific role does IgG play in the immune response?
Major Ig in secondary immune response
What is the primary role of the hinge region in an antibody molecule?
To provide flexibility for antigen binding
Which fragment of an antibody contains the antigen-binding sites?
Fab fragment
Which immunoglobulin fragment is crystallizable and mediates effector functions?
Fc fragment
Which process involves the attachment and ingestion of pathogens enhanced by antibodies?
Opsonization
Which of the following is a function of the Fab fragment?
Antigen binding
Which class of immunoglobulins is involved in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by NK cells?
IgG
Which type of immune cell has Fc receptors for IgE and is involved in ADCC?
Eosinophils
The different classes of immunoglobulins are based on differences in which part of the antibody?
Constant region of the heavy chain
Which class of immunoglobulin is the only one that can cross the placenta?
IgG
Which immunoglobulin is the major antibody in the primary immune response?
IgM
What describes the structure of serum IgA?
Monomer
Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in type 1 hypersensitivity reactions?
IgE
Which immunoglobulin is mainly found on the surface of B lymphocytes?
IgD
Which statement is NOT true about IgM?
IgM can cross the placenta
Which immunoglobulin can be found as a dimer in body secretions such as tears and saliva?
IgA
Which statement is true regarding the Fc receptors for IgG?
They are present on macrophages, PMNs, and NK cells
Which property is shared by both Immunoglobulin D (IgD) and Immunoglobulin E (IgE)?
Exists only as a monomer
Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in type I hypersensitivity reactions?
IgE
Which of the following functions is attributed to Immunoglobulin D (IgD)?
Acts as a receptor for antigen on B cell surfaces
Eosinophils have Fc receptors for which immunoglobulin?
IgE
Which of the following statements is true regarding Immunoglobulin E (IgE)?
It plays a role in type I hypersensitivity
Which immunoglobulin has the highest molecular weight?
IgM
Which immunoglobulin can cross the placenta?
IgG
Which immunoglobulin has the longest half-life?
IgG
Which immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for neutralizing allergies?
IgE
Which immunoglobulin is present in the highest percentage in serum?
IgG
Which immunoglobulin is involved in opsonization?
IgG
What type of heavy chain does IgA have?
A
Which immunoglobulin form is primarily found as a pentamer?
IgM
What type of cells produce Immunoglobulins?
Plasma cells
In T-dependent activation of B cells, what type of antigen is typically involved?
Proteins
Which immunoglobulin class is the first to be produced in response to an infection?
IgM
Which class of immunoglobulin is primarily found in secretions like saliva and breast milk?
IgA
What distinguishes the secondary immune response from the primary immune response?
It reaches a peak antibody level faster.
What differentiates T-independent antigens from T-dependent ones?
Their ability to generate memory cells
Which region of the immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for antigen binding?
Variable regions
When does the secondary immune response reach its peak?
Around 7 days.
Which type of heavy chain is associated with the Immunoglobulin class IgE?
ε
What is primarily responsible for the faster and stronger secondary immune response?
Presence of immunological memory cells.
IgG antibodies are involved in which of the following functions?
Neutralization
Which statement is TRUE about the primary immune response?
It reaches a peak in around 14 days.
Which light chains can be found in an antibody molecule?
Either κ or λ, but not both in the same molecule
Which immunoglobulin measurement would be considered the highest according to the provided total IgE data?
Total IgE of 180
Why are vaccinations based on principles of immune response?
They exploit the body's ability to produce a faster and stronger immune response upon re-exposure to an antigen.
Which class of immunoglobulin is involved in the development of B cells and antigen recognition?
IgD
What is the primary use of monoclonal antibodies in anti-tumor therapy?
Using antibodies to target tumor markers
Which cell type is fused with a B-cell to produce a hybridoma?
Myeloma cell
Which interleukin is specifically involved in the activation and growth of T-cells and NK-cells?
IL-2
Which monoclonal antibody application is used to determine lymphocyte subsets?
Lymphocyte subsets determination
TNF-α is involved in which of the following functions?
Activating macrophages
What does IL-3 primarily do in the body?
Promote growth and differentiation of stem cells
What is the role of IL-1 in the immune response?
Increases body temperature and stimulates B-cell proliferation
What characteristic allows hybridoma cells to be useful in producing monoclonal antibodies?
Their ability to produce large quantities of antibodies indefinitely
Study Notes
Humoral Immunity
- Immunoglobulins (Ig) are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells in response to an antigen, functioning as antibodies.
T Cell Activation and Antibody Production
- T-dependent activation occurs when an antigen is a protein, requiring B cells to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T lymphocyte help to activate B cells.
- T-independent activation occurs when an antigen is non-protein (e.g., capsular polysaccharide), allowing B cells to be activated without T cell help.
Basic Structure of Immunoglobulins
- Immunoglobulin molecules consist of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.
- Disulfide bonds link the chains together.
- Variable regions (V) are highly variable, allowing for recognition of a vast array of antigens.
Types of Heavy Chains and Immunoglobulin Classes
- There are five types of heavy chains: α, δ, ε, γ, and μ, which determine the class of immunoglobulin:
- IgG: involved in immune processes like neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation.
- IgM: first antibody class produced in response to infection, found in blood and lymph fluid.
- IgA: found in secretions, preventing infections in mucous membranes.
- IgD: involved in B cell development and antigen recognition.
- IgE: involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites.
Structure of Immunoglobulins
- The basic structure of immunoglobulins consists of:
- Heavy and light chains
- Disulfide bonds (inter-chain and intra-chain)
- Variable (V) and constant (C) regions
Hinge Region
- The hinge region is the flexible part of the antibody molecule that bends to form a Y shape, allowing for antigen binding.
Immunoglobulin Fragments
- Fab (fragment antigen binding) and Fc (fragment crystallizable) fragments are parts of an antibody molecule:
- Fab: contains antigen-binding sites, monovalent
- Fc: contains the remainder of the heavy chains, involved in effector functions
General Functions of Immunoglobulins
- Immunoglobulins bind specifically to one or a few closely related antigens, resulting in:
- Ag binding
- Effector functions through complement or cells (activation of complement, opsonization, ADCC)
Human Immunoglobulins
- There are five classes of immunoglobulins, differing in the amino acid sequences of the constant region of the heavy chain.
- Each class has distinct properties and functions.
Structure and Properties of Immunoglobulins
- Immunoglobulin structure is based on mild differences in the amino acid composition of the constant region of the heavy chain.
- Different classes of immunoglobulins have distinct properties and functions based on their heavy chain.
Quiz about humoral immunity, immunoglobulins, and antibody production, covering T-dependent and T-independent activation.
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