Immunology Chapter 8: Humoral Immunity
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Questions and Answers

How many identical light chains are present in the basic structure of immunoglobulins?

  • Two (correct)
  • Four
  • Three
  • One

    • Which type of disulfide bonds are present between the heavy and light chains?

  • Trans-chain
  • Inter-chain (correct)
  • Intra-chain
  • Diagonal-chain

    • What regions make up the light chain of an immunoglobulin molecule?

  • V and 2 C
  • V and C (correct)
  • 3 V and 2 C
  • 2 V and C

    • How many constant regions does the heavy chain of an immunoglobulin contain?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bonds are found within each of the polypeptide chains of immunoglobulins?

    <p>Intra-chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin class is characterized by having gamma heavy chains?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The major immunoglobulin in serum constitutes what percentage of serum immunoglobulins?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many IgG subclasses are there?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin class has epsilon heavy chains?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific role does IgG play in the immune response?

    <p>Major Ig in secondary immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the hinge region in an antibody molecule?

    <p>To provide flexibility for antigen binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fragment of an antibody contains the antigen-binding sites?

    <p>Fab fragment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin fragment is crystallizable and mediates effector functions?

    <p>Fc fragment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the attachment and ingestion of pathogens enhanced by antibodies?

    <p>Opsonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the Fab fragment?

    <p>Antigen binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of immunoglobulins is involved in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by NK cells?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune cell has Fc receptors for IgE and is involved in ADCC?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The different classes of immunoglobulins are based on differences in which part of the antibody?

    <p>Constant region of the heavy chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of immunoglobulin is the only one that can cross the placenta?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is the major antibody in the primary immune response?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the structure of serum IgA?

    <p>Monomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in type 1 hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is mainly found on the surface of B lymphocytes?

    <p>IgD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is NOT true about IgM?

    <p>IgM can cross the placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin can be found as a dimer in body secretions such as tears and saliva?

    <p>IgA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the Fc receptors for IgG?

    <p>They are present on macrophages, PMNs, and NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property is shared by both Immunoglobulin D (IgD) and Immunoglobulin E (IgE)?

    <p>Exists only as a monomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in type I hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions is attributed to Immunoglobulin D (IgD)?

    <p>Acts as a receptor for antigen on B cell surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophils have Fc receptors for which immunoglobulin?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding Immunoglobulin E (IgE)?

    <p>It plays a role in type I hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin has the highest molecular weight?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin can cross the placenta?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin has the longest half-life?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for neutralizing allergies?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is present in the highest percentage in serum?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin is involved in opsonization?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of heavy chain does IgA have?

    <p>A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin form is primarily found as a pentamer?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells produce Immunoglobulins?

    <p>Plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In T-dependent activation of B cells, what type of antigen is typically involved?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin class is the first to be produced in response to an infection?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of immunoglobulin is primarily found in secretions like saliva and breast milk?

    <p>IgA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the secondary immune response from the primary immune response?

    <p>It reaches a peak antibody level faster.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates T-independent antigens from T-dependent ones?

    <p>Their ability to generate memory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for antigen binding?

    <p>Variable regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the secondary immune response reach its peak?

    <p>Around 7 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heavy chain is associated with the Immunoglobulin class IgE?

    <p>ε</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for the faster and stronger secondary immune response?

    <p>Presence of immunological memory cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IgG antibodies are involved in which of the following functions?

    <p>Neutralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is TRUE about the primary immune response?

    <p>It reaches a peak in around 14 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which light chains can be found in an antibody molecule?

    <p>Either κ or λ, but not both in the same molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin measurement would be considered the highest according to the provided total IgE data?

    <p>Total IgE of 180</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are vaccinations based on principles of immune response?

    <p>They exploit the body's ability to produce a faster and stronger immune response upon re-exposure to an antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of immunoglobulin is involved in the development of B cells and antigen recognition?

    <p>IgD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of monoclonal antibodies in anti-tumor therapy?

    <p>Using antibodies to target tumor markers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is fused with a B-cell to produce a hybridoma?

    <p>Myeloma cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interleukin is specifically involved in the activation and growth of T-cells and NK-cells?

    <p>IL-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monoclonal antibody application is used to determine lymphocyte subsets?

    <p>Lymphocyte subsets determination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TNF-α is involved in which of the following functions?

    <p>Activating macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does IL-3 primarily do in the body?

    <p>Promote growth and differentiation of stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of IL-1 in the immune response?

    <p>Increases body temperature and stimulates B-cell proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic allows hybridoma cells to be useful in producing monoclonal antibodies?

    <p>Their ability to produce large quantities of antibodies indefinitely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Humoral Immunity

    • Immunoglobulins (Ig) are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells in response to an antigen, functioning as antibodies.

    T Cell Activation and Antibody Production

    • T-dependent activation occurs when an antigen is a protein, requiring B cells to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T lymphocyte help to activate B cells.
    • T-independent activation occurs when an antigen is non-protein (e.g., capsular polysaccharide), allowing B cells to be activated without T cell help.

    Basic Structure of Immunoglobulins

    • Immunoglobulin molecules consist of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.
    • Disulfide bonds link the chains together.
    • Variable regions (V) are highly variable, allowing for recognition of a vast array of antigens.

    Types of Heavy Chains and Immunoglobulin Classes

    • There are five types of heavy chains: α, δ, ε, γ, and μ, which determine the class of immunoglobulin:
      • IgG: involved in immune processes like neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation.
      • IgM: first antibody class produced in response to infection, found in blood and lymph fluid.
      • IgA: found in secretions, preventing infections in mucous membranes.
      • IgD: involved in B cell development and antigen recognition.
      • IgE: involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites.

    Structure of Immunoglobulins

    • The basic structure of immunoglobulins consists of:
      • Heavy and light chains
      • Disulfide bonds (inter-chain and intra-chain)
      • Variable (V) and constant (C) regions

    Hinge Region

    • The hinge region is the flexible part of the antibody molecule that bends to form a Y shape, allowing for antigen binding.

    Immunoglobulin Fragments

    • Fab (fragment antigen binding) and Fc (fragment crystallizable) fragments are parts of an antibody molecule:
      • Fab: contains antigen-binding sites, monovalent
      • Fc: contains the remainder of the heavy chains, involved in effector functions

    General Functions of Immunoglobulins

    • Immunoglobulins bind specifically to one or a few closely related antigens, resulting in:
      • Ag binding
      • Effector functions through complement or cells (activation of complement, opsonization, ADCC)

    Human Immunoglobulins

    • There are five classes of immunoglobulins, differing in the amino acid sequences of the constant region of the heavy chain.
    • Each class has distinct properties and functions.

    Structure and Properties of Immunoglobulins

    • Immunoglobulin structure is based on mild differences in the amino acid composition of the constant region of the heavy chain.
    • Different classes of immunoglobulins have distinct properties and functions based on their heavy chain.

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    Description

    Quiz about humoral immunity, immunoglobulins, and antibody production, covering T-dependent and T-independent activation.

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