Podcast
Questions and Answers
How many identical light chains are present in the basic structure of immunoglobulins?
How many identical light chains are present in the basic structure of immunoglobulins?
- Two (correct)
- Four
- Three
- One
Which type of disulfide bonds are present between the heavy and light chains?
Which type of disulfide bonds are present between the heavy and light chains?
- Trans-chain
- Inter-chain (correct)
- Intra-chain
- Diagonal-chain
What regions make up the light chain of an immunoglobulin molecule?
What regions make up the light chain of an immunoglobulin molecule?
- V and 2 C
- V and C (correct)
- 3 V and 2 C
- 2 V and C
How many constant regions does the heavy chain of an immunoglobulin contain?
How many constant regions does the heavy chain of an immunoglobulin contain?
Which bonds are found within each of the polypeptide chains of immunoglobulins?
Which bonds are found within each of the polypeptide chains of immunoglobulins?
Which immunoglobulin class is characterized by having gamma heavy chains?
Which immunoglobulin class is characterized by having gamma heavy chains?
The major immunoglobulin in serum constitutes what percentage of serum immunoglobulins?
The major immunoglobulin in serum constitutes what percentage of serum immunoglobulins?
How many IgG subclasses are there?
How many IgG subclasses are there?
Which immunoglobulin class has epsilon heavy chains?
Which immunoglobulin class has epsilon heavy chains?
What specific role does IgG play in the immune response?
What specific role does IgG play in the immune response?
What is the primary role of the hinge region in an antibody molecule?
What is the primary role of the hinge region in an antibody molecule?
Which fragment of an antibody contains the antigen-binding sites?
Which fragment of an antibody contains the antigen-binding sites?
Which immunoglobulin fragment is crystallizable and mediates effector functions?
Which immunoglobulin fragment is crystallizable and mediates effector functions?
Which process involves the attachment and ingestion of pathogens enhanced by antibodies?
Which process involves the attachment and ingestion of pathogens enhanced by antibodies?
Which of the following is a function of the Fab fragment?
Which of the following is a function of the Fab fragment?
Which class of immunoglobulins is involved in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by NK cells?
Which class of immunoglobulins is involved in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by NK cells?
Which type of immune cell has Fc receptors for IgE and is involved in ADCC?
Which type of immune cell has Fc receptors for IgE and is involved in ADCC?
The different classes of immunoglobulins are based on differences in which part of the antibody?
The different classes of immunoglobulins are based on differences in which part of the antibody?
Which class of immunoglobulin is the only one that can cross the placenta?
Which class of immunoglobulin is the only one that can cross the placenta?
Which immunoglobulin is the major antibody in the primary immune response?
Which immunoglobulin is the major antibody in the primary immune response?
What describes the structure of serum IgA?
What describes the structure of serum IgA?
Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in type 1 hypersensitivity reactions?
Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in type 1 hypersensitivity reactions?
Which immunoglobulin is mainly found on the surface of B lymphocytes?
Which immunoglobulin is mainly found on the surface of B lymphocytes?
Which statement is NOT true about IgM?
Which statement is NOT true about IgM?
Which immunoglobulin can be found as a dimer in body secretions such as tears and saliva?
Which immunoglobulin can be found as a dimer in body secretions such as tears and saliva?
Which statement is true regarding the Fc receptors for IgG?
Which statement is true regarding the Fc receptors for IgG?
Which property is shared by both Immunoglobulin D (IgD) and Immunoglobulin E (IgE)?
Which property is shared by both Immunoglobulin D (IgD) and Immunoglobulin E (IgE)?
Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in type I hypersensitivity reactions?
Which immunoglobulin is primarily involved in type I hypersensitivity reactions?
Which of the following functions is attributed to Immunoglobulin D (IgD)?
Which of the following functions is attributed to Immunoglobulin D (IgD)?
Eosinophils have Fc receptors for which immunoglobulin?
Eosinophils have Fc receptors for which immunoglobulin?
Which of the following statements is true regarding Immunoglobulin E (IgE)?
Which of the following statements is true regarding Immunoglobulin E (IgE)?
Which immunoglobulin has the highest molecular weight?
Which immunoglobulin has the highest molecular weight?
Which immunoglobulin can cross the placenta?
Which immunoglobulin can cross the placenta?
Which immunoglobulin has the longest half-life?
Which immunoglobulin has the longest half-life?
Which immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for neutralizing allergies?
Which immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for neutralizing allergies?
Which immunoglobulin is present in the highest percentage in serum?
Which immunoglobulin is present in the highest percentage in serum?
Which immunoglobulin is involved in opsonization?
Which immunoglobulin is involved in opsonization?
What type of heavy chain does IgA have?
What type of heavy chain does IgA have?
Which immunoglobulin form is primarily found as a pentamer?
Which immunoglobulin form is primarily found as a pentamer?
What type of cells produce Immunoglobulins?
What type of cells produce Immunoglobulins?
In T-dependent activation of B cells, what type of antigen is typically involved?
In T-dependent activation of B cells, what type of antigen is typically involved?
Which immunoglobulin class is the first to be produced in response to an infection?
Which immunoglobulin class is the first to be produced in response to an infection?
Which class of immunoglobulin is primarily found in secretions like saliva and breast milk?
Which class of immunoglobulin is primarily found in secretions like saliva and breast milk?
What distinguishes the secondary immune response from the primary immune response?
What distinguishes the secondary immune response from the primary immune response?
What differentiates T-independent antigens from T-dependent ones?
What differentiates T-independent antigens from T-dependent ones?
Which region of the immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for antigen binding?
Which region of the immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for antigen binding?
When does the secondary immune response reach its peak?
When does the secondary immune response reach its peak?
Which type of heavy chain is associated with the Immunoglobulin class IgE?
Which type of heavy chain is associated with the Immunoglobulin class IgE?
What is primarily responsible for the faster and stronger secondary immune response?
What is primarily responsible for the faster and stronger secondary immune response?
IgG antibodies are involved in which of the following functions?
IgG antibodies are involved in which of the following functions?
Which statement is TRUE about the primary immune response?
Which statement is TRUE about the primary immune response?
Which light chains can be found in an antibody molecule?
Which light chains can be found in an antibody molecule?
Which immunoglobulin measurement would be considered the highest according to the provided total IgE data?
Which immunoglobulin measurement would be considered the highest according to the provided total IgE data?
Why are vaccinations based on principles of immune response?
Why are vaccinations based on principles of immune response?
Which class of immunoglobulin is involved in the development of B cells and antigen recognition?
Which class of immunoglobulin is involved in the development of B cells and antigen recognition?
What is the primary use of monoclonal antibodies in anti-tumor therapy?
What is the primary use of monoclonal antibodies in anti-tumor therapy?
Which cell type is fused with a B-cell to produce a hybridoma?
Which cell type is fused with a B-cell to produce a hybridoma?
Which interleukin is specifically involved in the activation and growth of T-cells and NK-cells?
Which interleukin is specifically involved in the activation and growth of T-cells and NK-cells?
Which monoclonal antibody application is used to determine lymphocyte subsets?
Which monoclonal antibody application is used to determine lymphocyte subsets?
TNF-α is involved in which of the following functions?
TNF-α is involved in which of the following functions?
What does IL-3 primarily do in the body?
What does IL-3 primarily do in the body?
What is the role of IL-1 in the immune response?
What is the role of IL-1 in the immune response?
What characteristic allows hybridoma cells to be useful in producing monoclonal antibodies?
What characteristic allows hybridoma cells to be useful in producing monoclonal antibodies?
Study Notes
Humoral Immunity
- Immunoglobulins (Ig) are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells in response to an antigen, functioning as antibodies.
T Cell Activation and Antibody Production
- T-dependent activation occurs when an antigen is a protein, requiring B cells to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T lymphocyte help to activate B cells.
- T-independent activation occurs when an antigen is non-protein (e.g., capsular polysaccharide), allowing B cells to be activated without T cell help.
Basic Structure of Immunoglobulins
- Immunoglobulin molecules consist of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.
- Disulfide bonds link the chains together.
- Variable regions (V) are highly variable, allowing for recognition of a vast array of antigens.
Types of Heavy Chains and Immunoglobulin Classes
- There are five types of heavy chains: α, δ, ε, γ, and μ, which determine the class of immunoglobulin:
- IgG: involved in immune processes like neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation.
- IgM: first antibody class produced in response to infection, found in blood and lymph fluid.
- IgA: found in secretions, preventing infections in mucous membranes.
- IgD: involved in B cell development and antigen recognition.
- IgE: involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites.
Structure of Immunoglobulins
- The basic structure of immunoglobulins consists of:
- Heavy and light chains
- Disulfide bonds (inter-chain and intra-chain)
- Variable (V) and constant (C) regions
Hinge Region
- The hinge region is the flexible part of the antibody molecule that bends to form a Y shape, allowing for antigen binding.
Immunoglobulin Fragments
- Fab (fragment antigen binding) and Fc (fragment crystallizable) fragments are parts of an antibody molecule:
- Fab: contains antigen-binding sites, monovalent
- Fc: contains the remainder of the heavy chains, involved in effector functions
General Functions of Immunoglobulins
- Immunoglobulins bind specifically to one or a few closely related antigens, resulting in:
- Ag binding
- Effector functions through complement or cells (activation of complement, opsonization, ADCC)
Human Immunoglobulins
- There are five classes of immunoglobulins, differing in the amino acid sequences of the constant region of the heavy chain.
- Each class has distinct properties and functions.
Structure and Properties of Immunoglobulins
- Immunoglobulin structure is based on mild differences in the amino acid composition of the constant region of the heavy chain.
- Different classes of immunoglobulins have distinct properties and functions based on their heavy chain.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Quiz about humoral immunity, immunoglobulins, and antibody production, covering T-dependent and T-independent activation.
