(4.2) VACCINES

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between central memory T cells (TCM) and effector memory T cells (TEM)?

TCM mature faster than TEM after antigen encounter.

TCM circulate through lymphoid tissues, whereas TEM target non-lymphoid tissues. (correct)

TCM lack chemokine receptors for antigen entry into tissues.

TCM prefer inflamed tissues while TEM prefer lymphoid tissues.

What is the role of L-selectin and CCR7 in central memory T cells (TCM)?

They allow TCM to enter secondary lymphoid organs for antigen survey. (correct)

They assist in long-term residency within non-lymphoid tissues.

They enable TCM to swiftly mature into effector T cells.

They facilitate rapid activation in inflamed tissues.

Which statement about resident memory T cells (TRM) is accurate?

TRM cells are primarily produced during acute infections.

TRM cells circulate freely between lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues.

TRM cells reside permanently in infected non-lymphoid tissues. (correct)

TRM cells are short-lived and do not persist in tissues.

What is a characteristic that differentiates effector memory T cells (TEM) from central memory T cells (TCM)?

TEM cells respond more quickly to antigens than TCM cells. Signup and view all the answers

In what manner do TCM cells typically circulate within the body?

Through blood, lymph, and secondary lymphoid tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of live-attenuated vaccines?

They use living organisms with reduced virulence. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common requirement for inactivated vaccines compared to live-attenuated vaccines?

They sometimes require booster shots. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine uses specific pieces of the pathogen and may sometimes need boosters?

Subunit vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of vaccination with cowpox virus?

To stimulate the production of neutralizing antibodies against smallpox Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of RNA vaccines compared to traditional vaccines?

They can be produced faster and cheaper. Signup and view all the answers

What significant fact is noted about smallpox in relation to vaccination?

Smallpox was eradicated worldwide due to vaccination efforts Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the safety of vaccines is true?

Safety may be inversely proportional to effectiveness. Signup and view all the answers

What does the upper panel in the experiment regarding antibody development illustrate?

The relationship between IgM and IgG levels over time Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'affinity maturation' refer to in the context of vaccinations?

The increase in quantity and strength of antibodies over time Signup and view all the answers

What do the red boxes in the childhood vaccination schedules represent?

The recommended ages for vaccine administration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vaccines is represented in the childhood vaccination schedule?

DTaP vaccine Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the effect of successive immunizations?

They enhance the production and efficacy of antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What allows memory B cells to be activated more easily than naive B cells?

Memory B cells lack the inhibitory FcγRIIB1 receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between naive T cells and memory T cells regarding CD45 isoforms?

Naive T cells are less capable of T-cell receptor activation than memory T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic function of long-lived plasma cells in relation to B-cell memory?

They mediate the prolonged antibody production during reinfection Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes memory T cells compared to naive T cells?

Memory T cells undergo asymmetric division upon activation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of immunological memory in humans?

It allows for faster antibody production upon re-exposure to pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What prevents naive B cells from being activated by antigens coated with IgG?

The inhibitory FcγRIIB1 receptor interacting with BCR Signup and view all the answers

Why are vaccines considered important for public health?

They can induce durable immunological memory Signup and view all the answers

Which types of memory T cells are distinguished by their location?

Central memory, Effector memory, Resident memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended response when discussing vaccination with hesitant individuals?

Provide factual information and debunk common myths Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of adjuvants in vaccines?

To activate and enhance the immune response Signup and view all the answers

Why are people more likely to experience side effects when vaccinated with adjuvants?

Adjuvants irritate the immune system Signup and view all the answers

What analogy is used to explain how adjuvants function in vaccines?

Creating pearls in oysters through irritation Signup and view all the answers

What might mislead individuals regarding the safety of vaccines?

Believing that all vaccines cause severe side effects Signup and view all the answers

What is a misconception about the immune system's response to vaccines that include adjuvants?

The immune system ignores vaccines without adjuvants Signup and view all the answers

What substance is found in higher quantities in breast milk compared to many formulas?

Aluminum Signup and view all the answers

What does the bacterial lipoprotein F HbP do in relation to the complement pathway?

Blocks activation of complement components Signup and view all the answers

How can advancements in genomic sequencing benefit vaccine development?

By revealing new pathogens to create vaccines against Signup and view all the answers

What misconception may people have regarding aluminum in breast milk and vaccines?

Aluminum exposure from vaccines is completely unnatural Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of creating antibodies and vaccines to target F HbP?

To prevent it from blocking the complement pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is a common concern related to vaccine administration within the first six months of life?

Excessive aluminum exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of understanding pathogen sequences on vaccine development?

It allows for targeted therapeutics to fight pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What was the response after the individual reported experiencing side effects from the Moderna vaccine?

Someone from the CDC followed up with them later. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes Dr. Kismetki's role in vaccine development?

Her team was involved in designing the template for the Moderna vaccine. Signup and view all the answers

Why did some individuals express concern over the increase in natural killer cells after vaccination?

They believed natural killer cells were harmful. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of vaccine information is highlighted as crucial for medical students?

Grasping the complexities of immunology. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about vaccines as mentioned in the content?

Natural immunity is always superior to vaccination. Signup and view all the answers

What is noted as a primary goal of the documentary mentioned in the content?

To provide balanced information on vaccination without attacking groups. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of natural killer cells is emphasized in the content?

They are essential for maintaining body equilibrium. Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall sentiment expressed about vaccines in the content?

They play an important role in public health. Signup and view all the answers

How did the individual describe their feeling after receiving the Moderna vaccine?

They experienced discomfort but felt reassured about their immune response. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Dr. Kismetki’s character was highlighted alongside her professional achievements?

Her notable fashion sense. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

BMS 545 Immunology - November 6, 2024

Course content spans November 6, 2024, to December 6, 2024
Exam 3 scheduled for November 8, at 2:30 PM.
Asynchronous modules on PBS vaccine documentary (Nov 11), Secondary Immunodeficiency (Nov 15), Hypersensitivity (Nov 25), covering Research days Nov 15-18
Modules on: Transplantation & Immune Pharmacotherapy (Nov 18), Transplantation & Immune Pharmacotherapy & Cancer (Nov 20), Cancer & Tumor Immunity (Nov 22).
Thanksgiving break from November 27 to 29
A Case Study, "What's Wrong with Me?" is scheduled for December 4.
A final Immunology debrief: The Well Patient is scheduled for December 6..

Why Vaccination Saves Lives

Vaccination saves lives.
Smallpox, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella, rotavirus, H. influenzae, varicella, and hepatitis are 99 problems.
Vaccination is the only infectious disease of humans that has been eradicated worldwide.

Class Objectives

Relate B & T cell immunity and memory to vaccination.
Identify, compare, and contrast different types of memory cells (e.g., B, plasma, TCM, TEM, TRM).
Describe why memory cells are better at being activated (e.g., FcyRIIBI, CD45RA/RO).
Describe the asymmetric division of naïve T cells, and differentiate naïve, effector, or memory cells.
Understand and describe why vaccines are important.
Differentiate inoculation and vaccination.
Define different types of vaccines and their characteristics and pros/cons.
Define adjuvants and identify examples.
Have a discussion concerning vaccinations, debunking common vaccine myths and with anti-vaccine/on-the-fence individuals.
Learn more about vaccines (where to find information).

Immunological Memory & Secondary Immune Response

Immunological memory is essential for the survival of human populations.
Specific anti-vaccinia antibodies remain for ~75 years after initial exposure.
CD4 & CD8 memory T-cells are retained.
Antibody response is measured in International Units (IU).

Antibodies (primary & secondary response)

Antibodies made in the primary response persist to prevent reinfection.
Secondary responses have a low steady-state level.
Memory B cells—major participants in B cell memory.

Immunological Memory & Secondary Immune Response -- B-Cell Memory

Long-lived plasma cells mediate B-cell memory.
Short-lived plasma cells are followed by long-lived ones.

Complexes of IgG and Polymeric Antigen

IgG and polymeric antigens prevent naive B cell activation by cross-linking to the inhibitory FcyRIIB1 receptor.
Naive B cells do not become activated when BCR and FcyRIIB1 are cross-linked.
Memory B cells do not express FcyRIIB1 but are capable of activation.

Antigen Activation of Naive T Cells

Antigen-mediated activation of naive T-cells generates effector and memory T cells.
Naive T cells become metabolically reprogrammed and divide asymmetrically into an effector T cell (TE) and memory T cell (TM) after activation.

Naive, Effector, & Memory T Cells

Naive, effector, and memory T cells differ in cell-surface phenotypes.
CD44, CD45RO, and CD45RA are cell adhesion and tyrosine phosphatase markers.
CD69 is an activation marker.

Different Isoforms of CD45

CD45 isoforms (CD45RA & CD45R0) differentiate memory T cells from naive T cells.
CD45RA is larger than CD45R0 and interacts less with T-cell receptors, making memory T cells easier to activate than naive T cells.
Three memory T cell subtypes exist based on location: TCM, TEM, and TRM.

Central & Effector Memory T Cells

Central memory T cells (TCM) prefer secondary lymphoid tissues and mature into effector T cells after encountering antigens in those tissues.
Effector memory T cells (TEM) prefer inflamed tissues and rapidly mature into effector T cells.

Resident Memory T Cells

Resident memory T cells (TRM) are long-lived memory T cells produced during adaptive immune responses.
TRM cells enter infected non-lymphoid tissue and reside there permanently.

Primary & Secondary Immune Responses

Primary responses involve a small number of pathogen-specific cells with IgM antibodies of low to medium affinity, a high activation threshold, and a delay in effector T-cell activation.
Secondary responses involve a large number of pathogen-specific cells with isotype-switched antibodies of high affinity, rapid activation, and the presence of effector T cells in infected tissue.
Close cooperation between innate adaptive immunity happens from the start of infection.

How Vaccines Are Generally Made

Vaccines use premises from both primary and secondary responses to pathogens.

Vaccination to Prevent Infectious Disease

Protection from smallpox is achieved by immunization with cowpox.
Cowpox and smallpox share surface antigens.
Vaccination with cowpox elicits neutralizing antibodies against smallpox virus epitopes.
Smallpox is the only human infectious disease to have been eradicated by vaccination.

Childhood Vaccination Schedules

Vaccination schedules are based on CDC Prevention immunization schedules.

Antibody Amount & Affinity

Antibody amount and affinity increase after successive immunizations with the same antigen
Antibody concentration and affinity increase significantly over time.

Best Immune Response

Live-attenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccines result in the best immune responses.
Replication of organisms leads to good immune responses.
Vaccine safety may not be proportional to effectiveness.

Vaccine Preparation

Live-attenuated vaccines use whole living organisms with reduced virulence and replication ability.
Inactivated vaccines use killed or inactivated organisms (virus, bacteria), rendering them incapable of infection or reproduction.

Additional Vaccine Preparations

Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines use parts of pathogens (proteins, sugars, capsids).

Conjugate Vaccines

Conjugate vaccines enable high-affinity antibodies targeting carbohydrate antigens..

Macromolecular Complexes

Macromolecular complexes, with separate epitopes, are important for generating effective vaccines.

TFH Cell Recognition & Activation

A TFH cell receptor recognizes the p:MHC complex, activating the T cell and cytokines' secretion.
Activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells, producing protective antibodies against polysaccharides (e.g., Haemophilus).

Vaccine Testing & Safety

Vaccines are rigorously tested through multiple phases of clinical trials, including randomized double-blind placebo trials, to ensure safety and efficacy.
Vaccines' safety and effectiveness are constantly monitored after being included in the recommended immunization schedule.

Monitoring Vaccine Safety

FDA/CDC closely monitor vaccine safety.
Systems like VAERS, VSD, and PRISM gather, analyze, and monitor adverse events after vaccinations.
Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment Project (CISA) conducts research on complex vaccine safety questions.

Addressing Arguments Against Simultaneous Vaccine Administration

Multiple vaccines are often given simultaneously, and their safety is thoroughly evaluated in clinical trials.

Vaccine Development & Procedures

Vaccine development follows a multi-phased process from basic research through regulatory approvals (e.g., FDA review).
Volunteers are used in clinical trials to evaluate vaccine safety and effectiveness to ensure it's safe for use.
Information and transparency are promoted by entities like the FDA to increase trust in vaccination.

Vaccines Not Currently Available

Vaccines are not yet available for diseases such as malaria, schistosomiasis, tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, HIV/AIDS, measles, and hepatitis C.

Timeline of mRNA Vaccine Development

The timeline of mRNA vaccine development traces research and advancements from the 1960s to recent development in 2020 of COVID-19.

Andrew Wakefield's Paper

Wakefield's research paper about a link between the MMR vaccine and autism was retracted due to falsification of data and bias.

Vaccine Development Process

Vaccine development is a rigorous process taking multiple years. It involves extensive lab testing and multiple clinical phases to ensure safety and efficacy.

Public Scrutiny of Vaccines

Vaccine development is scrutinized more than drug development in many cases due to public health concerns and safety implications.

Vaccine Uptake & Measles Incidence

Vaccine uptake decline, after unfounded assertions about MMR causing autism, has led to increased measles infections.

Additional Points

Data regarding mortality and vaccination coverage has been collected.
The importance and challenges in vaccine development are highlighted.
The value of scientific methodology in ensuring vaccine safety is emphasized.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on the differences between central memory T cells (TCM) and effector memory T cells (TEM), as well as various aspects of vaccination. This quiz covers important concepts such as the roles of L-selectin and CCR7, distinctions between vaccine types, and characteristics of resident memory T cells (TRM). Perfect for students of immunology.