59 Questions
Which cells are involved in innate immunity?
Neutrophils
What is the main role of the immune system?
To protect from infection
What do antigen receptors recognize?
Antigens
Which lineage of cells are responsible for phagocytosis and antigen presentation?
Myeloid lineage
What is the fundamental basis of immunity?
Antigen receptors
What is the role of cytokines in the immune system?
To communicate between immune cells
What is the main role of chemokines?
To organize cells and tissues
What is the function of CD4 T cells?
To help other components of immunity
What is the process of somatic hypermutation and clonal selection?
Production of antibodies by B cells
What is the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the immune system?
To kill infected cells
Which of the following is NOT one of the aims of Module 204 Infection and Immunity?
To provide a shop window for intercalation and academic careers
What are the main topics covered in the Immunology Lectures of Module 204?
All of the above
What is the role of Module 204 in future medical careers?
To ensure adequate grounding in basic and clinical immunology
Which of the following medical specialties is NOT mentioned as having a component related to immunology?
Oncology
What is the focus of Applied immunology in Module 204?
All of the above
What is the purpose of Dry ELISA work mentioned in the text?
To provide hands-on experience in immunology techniques
What is the main focus of Basic immunology in Module 204?
Innate, adaptive, tolerance
What is the significance of understanding immunologically-mediated diseases in future medical careers?
To recognize and understand diseases and their treatments
What is the relevance of scientific literature in Module 204?
To develop skills in understanding and analyzing research papers
Which type of immune receptors do not recognize antigen specifically?
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
What is the main difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity works quickly as the first line of defense, while adaptive immunity takes more time to be activated
Which type of immune receptors recognize antigen specifically?
B cell receptors
How are T and B cell receptors produced?
Through random somatic recombination events between gene segments
What is the main feature of adaptive immune receptors?
They recognize antigen specifically
Which type of immune receptor recognizes intact antigen?
B cell receptors
Which type of immune receptor recognizes processed antigen in the form of linear peptides?
T cell receptors
What is the purpose of clonal selection in the immune system?
To select the most useful receptors after birth upon exposure to pathogens
What is the main role of CD8 T cells in the immune system?
To mediate cytotoxicity
What are some examples of effector mechanisms in the immune system?
Cytokines, complement, phagocytosis, cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, mast cell and eosinophil degranulation
Which cells are involved in direct lysis of virally infected cells?
Natural killer cells
Where do lymphocytes complete their maturation?
Thymus
What is the role of lymph nodes in the immune system?
They focus immune activity
What is the main method of intercellular signaling in the immune system?
Endocrine signaling
Which type of immune cell is responsible for antigen presentation?
Macrophages
What is the main function of dendritic cells in the immune system?
Antigen presentation
Which type of immune cell is involved in allergic reactions?
Basophils
Which type of immune cell is responsible for phagocytosis and antigen presentation?
Macrophages
Which of the following is NOT one of the aims of Module 204 Infection and Immunity?
To give a comprehensive overview of the scientific literature
What is the fundamental basis of immunity?
Recognition of processed antigen in the form of linear peptides
What is the main difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity is present at birth, while adaptive immunity develops over time
What is the main feature of adaptive immune receptors?
Recognition of intact antigen
What is the main difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity provides immediate response, while adaptive immunity takes time to respond.
What is the main role of CD8 T cells in the immune system?
To recognize and kill infected cells.
What is the main feature of adaptive immune receptors?
They are specific for a wide range of antigens.
What is the purpose of clonal selection in the immune system?
To produce a diverse population of immune cells with different antigen receptors.
Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immune receptors?
They are pre-formed and ready to go
What is the purpose of somatic recombination in the production of adaptive antigen receptors?
To generate diversity in the receptors
What is the main function of B cells in the immune system?
To secrete antibodies
What is the significance of specificity and memory in adaptive immunity?
They provide long-term protection
What are cytokines?
Small proteins released by cells that have an effect on other cells
What is the nomenclature for cytokines?
Interleukin followed by a number denoting the order of discovery
What is the difference between cytokines and chemokines?
Cytokines have an effect on other cells, while chemokines are more about temporal and spatial organization of cells and tissues
What are pattern recognition receptors?
Antigen receptors found on cells like neutrophils and macrophages that recognize patterns in molecular motifs
Which end of the antibody molecule interacts with cells or other elements of the immune system?
The bottom end
What is the antigen binding site of the antibody molecule also known as?
The variable region
Why does the rest of the antibody molecule not need to vary?
It doesn't recognize different things
What is the main reason for making something similar across the board in the human body?
To conserve energy
What is the main difference between the T cell receptor and the antibody molecule?
Their function
What is the variable region of the antibody molecule responsible for?
Binding to antigens
Study Notes
Innate Immunity
- Involved cells: Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells
- Main role: First line of defense against pathogens, recognizing and eliminating them
Adaptive Immunity
- Main role: Specific recognition and elimination of pathogens, with memory and specificity
- Involved cells: T cells and B cells
- Antigen receptors: Recognize specific antigens
Antigen Presentation
- Lineage of cells responsible: Dendritic cells and macrophages
- Main role: Processing and presenting antigens to T cells
Cytokines and Chemokines
- Cytokines: Signaling molecules that coordinate immune responses
- Main role: Interactions between immune cells, recruiting immune cells to sites of infection
- Chemokines: Specialized cytokines that attract immune cells to sites of infection
- Main role: Directing immune cell migration
T Cells
- CD4 T cells: Assist in activating B cells and other immune cells
- CD8 T cells: Directly kill infected cells
- T cell receptors: Recognize specific antigens
- Produced through: Somatic recombination and gene rearrangement
B Cells
- Main function: Producing antibodies
- Antibody molecule: Consists of variable and constant regions
- Variable region: Recognizes specific antigens
- Constant region: Interacts with cells or other immune elements
- Antigen binding site: Also known as the paratope
Immune System
- Fundamental basis: Specific recognition of pathogens
- Main difference between innate and adaptive immunity: Specificity and memory
- Main feature of adaptive immune receptors: Specificity and diversity
Immune Responses
- Effector mechanisms: Direct killing of infected cells, antibody production, and inflammation
- Intercellular signaling: Mainly through cytokines and chemokines
- Lymph nodes: Filtering out pathogens and activating immune responses
- Lymphocytes: Mature in lymphoid organs
Module 204 Infection and Immunity
- Main topics: Basic and applied immunology
- Role in future medical careers: Understanding immunologically-mediated diseases
- Relevance of scientific literature: Staying current with new developments in immunology
Test your knowledge on immunology with this quiz! From recognizing immunologically-mediated diseases to understanding their treatments and treatment toxicities, this quiz will help you gain a solid understanding of infection and immunity. Get ready to enhance your skills for future careers in the field of immunology.
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