Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the initial step in the lytic cycle of virus replication?
What is the initial step in the lytic cycle of virus replication?
- Attachment to the bacterial cell (correct)
- Replication of phage DNA
- Transcription of viral DNA
- Assembly of viral DNA and proteins
In which step does the host's enzymes begin transcribing the viral DNA into mRNA?
In which step does the host's enzymes begin transcribing the viral DNA into mRNA?
- Replication
- Transcription (correct)
- Attachment
- Penetration
Which of the following is an example of natural active immunity?
Which of the following is an example of natural active immunity?
- Injection of hepatitis B immune globulin
- Transplacental transfer of antibodies
- Vaccination against measles
- Natural infection with chicken pox (correct)
What occurs during step 4 of the lytic cycle?
What occurs during step 4 of the lytic cycle?
Which form of passive immunity is gained through maternal transfer?
Which form of passive immunity is gained through maternal transfer?
What is the role of lymphokines in HIV replication?
What is the role of lymphokines in HIV replication?
What characterizes artificial passive immunity?
What characterizes artificial passive immunity?
During which step of the lytic cycle does the viral DNA get injected into the host?
During which step of the lytic cycle does the viral DNA get injected into the host?
What is the primary role of macrophages in the immune response?
What is the primary role of macrophages in the immune response?
Which type of cells primarily mediate the inflammatory response?
Which type of cells primarily mediate the inflammatory response?
What is the function of Langerhans cells?
What is the function of Langerhans cells?
What feature distinguishes Natural Killer cells from other white blood cells?
What feature distinguishes Natural Killer cells from other white blood cells?
What outcome is indicated by painful lymph nodes during palpation?
What outcome is indicated by painful lymph nodes during palpation?
Which of the following roles do dendritic cells play in the immune system?
Which of the following roles do dendritic cells play in the immune system?
Cytokines are primarily involved in which aspect of the immune response?
Cytokines are primarily involved in which aspect of the immune response?
Which immune response is primarily stimulated by antigens presented on macrophage surfaces?
Which immune response is primarily stimulated by antigens presented on macrophage surfaces?
What is the recommended action if a tissue is not available when coughing or sneezing?
What is the recommended action if a tissue is not available when coughing or sneezing?
What is the primary purpose of the annual flu vaccine for people aged 6 months and older?
What is the primary purpose of the annual flu vaccine for people aged 6 months and older?
Why can influenza viruses evade the immune system over time?
Why can influenza viruses evade the immune system over time?
What should be avoided in close contact, especially for individuals with chronic diseases?
What should be avoided in close contact, especially for individuals with chronic diseases?
Which setting is crucial for vaccine administration?
Which setting is crucial for vaccine administration?
What are the two mechanisms called that allow influenza viruses to create new variants?
What are the two mechanisms called that allow influenza viruses to create new variants?
What limitation do patients with autoimmune diseases face concerning the flu vaccine?
What limitation do patients with autoimmune diseases face concerning the flu vaccine?
What key hygiene practice should be maintained to help prevent the spread of infections on a farm?
What key hygiene practice should be maintained to help prevent the spread of infections on a farm?
What is a key characteristic of HIV as a virus?
What is a key characteristic of HIV as a virus?
Which demographic currently shows the highest infection rates for HIV?
Which demographic currently shows the highest infection rates for HIV?
What is one method through which HIV is transmitted?
What is one method through which HIV is transmitted?
How does HIV integrate into the host's cells?
How does HIV integrate into the host's cells?
Which of the following fluid types is NOT a known route of HIV transmission?
Which of the following fluid types is NOT a known route of HIV transmission?
What annual statistic is reported regarding new HIV infections in the United States?
What annual statistic is reported regarding new HIV infections in the United States?
What is the process called where newly formed viral particles bud off from the host cell?
What is the process called where newly formed viral particles bud off from the host cell?
Which of the following is a common misconception about HIV transmission?
Which of the following is a common misconception about HIV transmission?
What is the purpose of the HIV-1 differentiation assay?
What is the purpose of the HIV-1 differentiation assay?
What is the significance of the window period in HIV testing?
What is the significance of the window period in HIV testing?
What does the acronym PrEP stand for in HIV prevention?
What does the acronym PrEP stand for in HIV prevention?
What is a major limitation of PrEP?
What is a major limitation of PrEP?
What can result from cross-infection with another HIV-seropositive person?
What can result from cross-infection with another HIV-seropositive person?
Which of the following is NOT a form of behavioral intervention for HIV prevention?
Which of the following is NOT a form of behavioral intervention for HIV prevention?
What does the phrase 'U=U' imply in the context of HIV?
What does the phrase 'U=U' imply in the context of HIV?
Which of the following tests is used to directly detect the presence of the HIV virus?
Which of the following tests is used to directly detect the presence of the HIV virus?
Study Notes
Macrophages
- Ingest and digest pathogens.
- Present antigens on their surface to activate lymphocytes.
- Release cytokines, stimulating cytokine secretion.
- Modulate immune response and participate in tissue repair.
- Mediate immediate inflammatory response and stimulate long-lasting immune responses (AMI and CMI).
Dendritic Cells
- Have dendrites found in neurons.
- Act as messengers between innate and adaptive immune systems.
- Are antigen-presenting cells.
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
- Destroy infected and diseased cells, particularly cancer cells.
Delayed Hypersensitivity
- Occurs when T-lymphocyte activity happens without a humoral response.
Acquired Specific Immunity: Active
- Natural: Contact with antigen through infection (e.g., chickenpox, measles, mumps).
- Artificial: Immunization with antigen (e.g., vaccines).
Acquired Specific Immunity: Passive
- Natural: Transplacental and colostrum transfer from mother to child (e.g., maternal immunoglobulins).
- Artificial: Injection of serum with antibodies (e.g., hepatitis B immune globulin).
Preventing MERS-CoV Infection
- Regular handwashing.
- Good personal hygiene.
- Avoiding close contact with infected individuals and camels.
Influenza Virus: Antigenic Drift & Shift
- Mechanisms that cause changes in surface proteins, helping the virus evade the immune system.
- Antigenic drift: small, gradual changes due to mutations.
- Antigenic shift: creates new variants.
Influenza Vaccine
- Recommended for all people 6 months and older annually.
- Administered intranasally or via injection.
- Live vaccines should be avoided by immunocompromised individuals.
HIV/AIDS
- Retrovirus originating from chimpanzees.
- First cases reported in the US in 1981.
- 36,400 new infections annually, with MSM being the largest affected group.
- Transmitted through infected blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk; during pregnancy, breastfeeding, organ transplant, unprotected sex.
- Not spread via tears, saliva, urine, emesis, sputum, feces, sweat, respiratory droplets, or enteric routes.
HIV Testing
- Window period: 10-90 days depending on the test type (NAT, antigen/antibody, rapid antigen/antibody, antibody tests).
HIV Prevention
- Health education, behavioral interventions (condoms, PrEP, abstinence, monogamy, dental dams).
- HIV testing, PrEP (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine), U=U (Undetectable=Untransmittable).
- Safe sex practices, avoiding unprotected sex with HIV-positive individuals.
- Healthcare provider precautions: hand hygiene, PPEs.
HIV Drug Therapy
- Information not provided in the text.
Lytic Cycle: Virus Replication
- Attachment: virus attaches to the bacterial cell surface.
- Penetration: viral DNA/RNA injected into the bacterial cell.
- Transcription: host enzymes transcribe viral DNA into mRNA.
- Replication and protein synthesis: viral DNA replicated, viral proteins synthesized.
- Assembly: viral DNA and proteins assemble into new viruses.
- Release: new viruses bud off from the host cell.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on various immune cells and their functions, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Explore the concepts of acquired specific immunity and delayed hypersensitivity in this comprehensive quiz. Perfect for students studying immunology or related fields!
