Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is immunity?
What is immunity?
Resistance to infection
What are the important cells of the immune system?
What are the important cells of the immune system?
Lymphocytes, Macrophages, Eosinophils, Basophils, Neutrophils, Antigen presenting cells, Mast cells, Platelets
Name two types of immunity.
Name two types of immunity.
Innate immunity and acquired immunity
What are stem cells?
What are stem cells?
What are the three types of lymphocytes?
What are the three types of lymphocytes?
Where do stem cells originate in the early embryo and migrate to later?
Where do stem cells originate in the early embryo and migrate to later?
Where do B lymphocytes mature?
Where do B lymphocytes mature?
What do T lymphocytes bring about?
What do T lymphocytes bring about?
What are the two types of null cells?
What are the two types of null cells?
What do the B lymphocytes produce?
What do the B lymphocytes produce?
What unique proteins are found on the surface membrane of lymphocytes?
What unique proteins are found on the surface membrane of lymphocytes?
Where do B lymphocytes mature in mammals?
Where do B lymphocytes mature in mammals?
What is the diameter range of lymphocytes?
What is the diameter range of lymphocytes?
What is the percentage of null cells among the total lymphocytes?
What is the percentage of null cells among the total lymphocytes?
Under the influence of which hormones do T lymphocytes mature?
Under the influence of which hormones do T lymphocytes mature?
What are the surface markers of B cells?
What are the surface markers of B cells?
What is the process called when immunoglobulins on the B cell surface begin to accumulate in distinct foci after antigen is added?
What is the process called when immunoglobulins on the B cell surface begin to accumulate in distinct foci after antigen is added?
What do the null cells represent in the context of lymphocytes?
What do the null cells represent in the context of lymphocytes?
Where are B lymphocytes highly concentrated?
Where are B lymphocytes highly concentrated?
What is the source of B cells in the immune system?
What is the source of B cells in the immune system?
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Study Notes
Immunity
- The body's natural defense against infection and disease
- Two main types:
- Innate immunity: Immediate, non-specific defense against pathogens
- Adaptive immunity: Specific response to identified pathogens, remembers the threat
Immune System Cells
- Responsible for protecting the body from disease-causing agents
- Key cells include:
- Lymphocytes
- Stem cells
- Null cells
Stem Cells
- Undifferentiated cells with the potential to develop into various specialized cell types
- Originate in the early embryo from the yolk sac
- Migrate to bone marrow and other tissues later in development
Lymphocytes
- Crucial for adaptive immunity, recognizing and attacking specific pathogens
- Three main types:
- B lymphocytes (B cells): Produce antibodies, mature in the bone marrow in mammals
- T lymphocytes (T cells): Bring about cell-mediated immunity, mature under the influence of thymic hormones
- Null cells: Represent a diverse group of lymphocytes, two main types include:
- Natural killer (NK) cells: Destroy virus-infected and cancerous cells
- Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells: Kill various target cells, activated by cytokines
- Both NK and LAK cells are non-specific in their target recognition
B Lymphocytes
- Mature in bone marrow in mammals
- Diameter ranges from 7 to 15 micrometers
- Produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
- Surface membrane contains unique proteins called immunoglobulins, which recognize antigens
- Accumulate immunoglobulins on their surface in distinct foci after encountering their specific antigen, a process called capping
Null Cells
- Represent a diverse collection of lymphocytes
- Represent 5-10% of the total lymphocytes
T Lymphocytes
- Mature under the influence of hormones in the thymus
- Surface markers for B cells include:
- CD19
- CD20
- CD21
- MHC Class II
- Immunoglobulin receptors (IgM and IgD)
B Lymphocyte Concentration
- Highly concentrated in:
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
- Bone marrow is the source of B cells in the immune system
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