Immunology Overview Quiz

The ability of the immune system to distinguish between the body's own cells and foreign invaders.

The first line of defense against infection, it is immediate and non-specific.

Molecular patterns present on microbes or damaged cells that are recognized by the immune system.

Receptors on immune cells that recognize PAMPs/MAMs & DAMPs to trigger an immune response.

A type of PRR that recognizes specific microbial patterns and triggers an immune response.

A molecule that acts as a signal of infection, recognized by TLRs.

A type of TLR that recognizes lipid A, a component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

A component of bacterial cell walls, primarily found in Gram-negative bacteria.

The part of LPS that is recognized by TLR4.

A protein that associates with TLR4 and is essential for its activation by LPS.

A process by which TLR4, in association with MD2, forms a dimer (two molecules joined together).

The activation of TLR4 by LPS leads to the production of signaling molecules that trigger an immune response.

A lipid A molecule with five acyl chains.

An interaction between TLR4 and LPS that leads to a stronger immune response compared to the interaction with tetra-acylated lipid A.

A family of cytokines that includes IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-33, and IL-18. They are known for triggering inflammation and activating T cells.

TLR4 recognizes a specific structure of LPS (lipopolysaccharide) found on Gram-negative bacteria. It binds to the hydrophobic region of the LPS molecule, where lipid A is present.

A protein domain found in IL-1 family cytokines that is responsible for binding to and activating the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway.

LPS has a unique structure composed of a lipid (lipid A) and sugar chains. The lipid A portion is crucial for TLR4 binding.

TLR4 on immune cells dimerizes (forms a pair) when it binds to LPS. This dimerization triggers signaling pathways that activate an immune response.

A small, soluble protein that can activate T cells and trigger inflammation.

The sixth acyl group on LPS binds directly to a specific pocket on TLR4, further stabilizing the TLR4 dimer. This interaction plays a critical role in activating the immune response.

A protein that is produced by the immune system and is involved in the inflammatory response. It plays a crucial role in activating T cells.

TLR2 is a pattern recognition receptor that recognizes different microbial patterns, including lipoteichoic acids (LTA) and lipoproteins from various bacteria.

A cytokine involved in the inflammatory response, particularly in the skin.

TLR2 can exist as a heterodimer, meaning it pairs with another TLR. For example, TLR2 can form a dimer with TLR1 or TLR6, allowing it to recognize different bacterial patterns.

An important cytokine that signals the body to fight infection and activate T cells. It is often released during inflammation.

TLR2 requires different co-receptors to recognize specific bacterial structures. TLR1 binds to two amid-linked acyl groups, while TLR6 binds to teichoic acid and a peptide. This allows TLR2 to recognize a wider range of bacterial signals.

A family of cytokines that includes IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-12. These cytokines are involved in immune cell differentiation and activation.

A group of signaling molecules that help cells communicate and coordinate immune responses. They can be pro-inflammatory, like IL-8, or anti-inflammatory, like IL-10.

TLR2 binds to various bacteria by recognizing different molecular patterns on their surface, including lipoteichoic acids and lipoproteins. These patterns are unique to specific bacterial groups.

A group of cytokines, including IL-10, IL-22, and IL-28/29. They have a wide range of functions, including immune modulation, tissue repair, and antiviral activity.

Cytokines that promote inflammation and immune activation. They can enhance blood vessel dilation and attract immune cells to the site of infection or injury.

Cytokines that help suppress inflammation and regulate the immune system. They can inhibit the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways and promote the development of regulatory immune cells.

A cytokine involved in attracting immune cells to the site of inflammation. It plays a crucial role in inflammatory responses by enhancing blood vessel dilation and leukocyte movement.

A cytokine that helps regulate the immune system by inhibiting the proliferation of pro-inflammatory immune cells. It contributes to the development of regulatory T cells, aiding in immune tolerance.

A molecule present on microbes or damaged cells that is recognized by the immune system.

A type of PAMP found in bacterial DNA and recognized by TLR9.

The release of various immune signaling molecules, such as cytokines and chemokines, in response to TLR9 activation.

A type of immune cell that responds to TLR signaling and triggers an immune response.

A group of genes activated by TLR signaling that help fight off infection.