Immunology Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of B cells in humoral immunity?

  • To activate T cells
  • To secrete antibodies against pathogens (correct)
  • To directly kill infected cells
  • To present antigens to macrophages

    • Which class of antibodies is primarily involved in neutralizing toxins?

  • IgE
  • IgA
  • IgM
  • IgG (correct)

    • What mechanism accounts for the faster response in secondary immune responses?

  • Increased levels of IgM production
  • Decreased antigen recognition
  • Inhibition of memory T cells
  • Activation of memory B cells (correct)

    • What is the main function of CD8+ T cells in the immune response?

    <p>Acknowledge and destroy infected or cancerous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily responsible for mediating humoral immunity?

    <p>B lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a characteristic feature of primary immune responses?

    <p>Prolonged lag period before antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells play a critical role in stimulating B-cell activation and isotype switching?

    <p>CD4+ helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which T-helper cell type is most effective against intracellular pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

    <p>Th1 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of pathogens are primarily targeted by humoral immunity?

    <p>Extracellular pathogens and certain toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does T-cell differentiation primarily occur in the body?

    <p>Thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What roles do C3b and IgG serve in the immune system?

    <p>Contributes to direct opsonization of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of antigens that are presented by MHC-I molecules?

    <p>Intracellular proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response is most effective against intracellular pathogens?

    <p>Cell-mediated immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune response is characterized by the destruction of pathogens via the secretion of antibodies?

    <p>Humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells function as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

    <p>Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells possess MHC-I molecules on their surface?

    <p>All nucleated cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Tc cells in the immune response?

    <p>To recognize and kill grafted cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of B-cell response is predominant in the early stages of infection?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do B cells undergo differentiation within the body?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In DiGeorge syndrome, T cells show which abnormal characteristic?

    <p>Failure to differentiate properly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cells are primarily responsible for targeting infected cells that lack MHC-I proteins?

    <p>NK cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key function of MHC class I and II proteins in the immune system?

    <p>To enable T cells to recognize foreign antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main functions of the innate immune system?

    <p>To provide immediate defense and stimulate the adaptive immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunity system can respond to a wider variety of foreign antigens?

    <p>Innate immunity; because it has broader specificity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Innate Immunity

    • Mediated by monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cells

    Humoral Immunity

    • Mediated by B lymphocytes

    Cell-Mediated Immunity

    • Mediated by T lymphocytes

    T-Cell Receptor Interaction

    • Interaction with major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) or MHC II signals differentiation of immature T cells into single-positive cells

    T-Cell Differentiation Location

    • Occurs in the thymus

    Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

    • Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

    MHC-I Molecule Antigen Source

    • Intracellular proteins

    MHC-I Molecule Possession

    • All nucleated cells possess MHC-I molecules

    T-Helper Line for Intracellular Pathogens

    • Th1 cells are more effective against intracellular pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis

    CD8+ Cell Killing Mechanisms

    • Lyse infected cells or induce apoptosis

    MHC-I Role in Graft Rejection

    • Recognized by Tc cells, which kill the grafted cells

    Immune Cell with Whole Antigen Receptors

    • B lymphocytes have receptors for whole, unprocessed antigens and do not require MHC presentation.

    B-Cell Differentiation Location

    • Bone marrow

    Predominant Antibody in Primary Humoral Response

    • IgM

    T-Cells in DiGeorge Syndrome

    • Abnormal differentiation due to thymic hypoplasia

    NK Cell Target

    • Infected cells lacking MHC-I proteins

    Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Alternate Names

    • Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex

    MHC Class I and II Protein Importance

    • Enable T cells to recognize foreign antigens

    Innate Immunity Functions

    • Provides a first line of defense and stimulates adaptive immunity

    Conserved Pattern Recognition in Immunity

    • Innate immunity recognizes conserved patterns in foreign substances

    Self vs. Nonself Discrimination

    • Innate immunity is better at discriminating self from nonself

    Principal Innate Effector Cells (besides epithelial cells)

    • Monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, and NK cells

    NK Cell Infection Identification

    • By identifying abnormal cytokine levels and the absence of host MHC-I molecules

    NK Cell Killing Method

    • Perforins and granzymes induce apoptosis

    NK Cell Deficiency Infections

    • Predisposes to intracellular infections, including viruses

    Nasopharynx Immunoglobulin

    • IgA

    IgE Mediated Processes

    • Helminth immunity and allergy/anaphylaxis

    Most Abundant Serum Antibody

    • IgG

    Antibody Produced in Largest Amounts

    • IgA

    Antibody with Highest Avidity

    • IgM

    Fetus's Primary Immunoglobulin

    • IgM

    Antibody-Mediated Cell Cytotoxicity (ADCC)

    • Process where antibodies activate NK cells (using IgG) or eosinophils (using IgE), causing cell inactivation

    Direct Opsonization Molecules

    • IgG and C3b

    Adaptive Immunity Branches

    • Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity

    Humoral Immunity Mediators and Targets

    • B cells and antibodies; extracellular pathogens, certain intracellular pathogens, and toxins

    Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses

    • Primary responses are quicker but less specific, characterized by IgM, and have a longer lag period. Secondary responses are slower but more specific due to memory B cells; they have larger amounts of IgG and shorter lag periods.

    B-Cell Activation Stimuli

    • CD4+ helper T cells

    T Cell Types for CMI

    • CD4+ helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells (CD8+), plus macrophages and NK cells

    Cell-Mediated Immunity Target Types

    • Cells with intracellular microorganisms and aberrant endogenous cells like cancer cells

    Cell-Mediated Immunity Deficiency Infections

    • Fungal, viral, opportunistic infections, and intracellular organisms

    Antibody-Mediated Hypersensitivity Types

    • Type I, Type II, and Type III

    Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity Type

    • Type IV

    Type I Hypersensitivity Mediating Antibodies

    • IgE

    Alternative Type II and III Names

    • Antibody-mediated cytotoxic reactions
    • Immune complex-mediated reactions

    Type I Reaction Synonym

    • Immediate hypersensitivity

    Type I Hypersensitivity Phases

    • Early and late reactions

    Acute/Immediate Type I Reactions Symptoms

    • Edema, erythema, wheal and flare reaction in skin, itching, and runny nose

    Late Phase Type I Reactions Symptoms

    • Edema and induration, wheezing

    Type I Hypersensitivity Clinical Manifestations

    • Urticaria (hives), eczema, rhinitis, asthma, and conjunctivitis

    Most Severe Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction

    • Systemic anaphylaxis

    Anaphylaxis Common Causes

    • Peanuts, bee venom, drugs, and latex allergy

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    Immunology Q&A PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the key concepts of innate and adaptive immunity with this comprehensive quiz. Covering topics such as T-cell differentiation, antigen-presenting cells, and interactions with MHC molecules, this quiz will challenge your understanding of immunological mechanisms. Perfect for students and enthusiasts looking to deepen their grasp of immunology.

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