Immunology Overview Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of B cells in humoral immunity?

  • To activate T cells
  • To secrete antibodies against pathogens (correct)
  • To directly kill infected cells
  • To present antigens to macrophages

Which class of antibodies is primarily involved in neutralizing toxins?

  • IgE
  • IgA
  • IgM
  • IgG (correct)

What mechanism accounts for the faster response in secondary immune responses?

  • Increased levels of IgM production
  • Decreased antigen recognition
  • Inhibition of memory T cells
  • Activation of memory B cells (correct)

What is the main function of CD8+ T cells in the immune response?

<p>Acknowledge and destroy infected or cancerous cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are primarily responsible for mediating humoral immunity?

<p>B lymphocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a characteristic feature of primary immune responses?

<p>Prolonged lag period before antibody production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells play a critical role in stimulating B-cell activation and isotype switching?

<p>CD4+ helper T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which T-helper cell type is most effective against intracellular pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

<p>Th1 cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of pathogens are primarily targeted by humoral immunity?

<p>Extracellular pathogens and certain toxins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does T-cell differentiation primarily occur in the body?

<p>Thymus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What roles do C3b and IgG serve in the immune system?

<p>Contributes to direct opsonization of pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of antigens that are presented by MHC-I molecules?

<p>Intracellular proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response is most effective against intracellular pathogens?

<p>Cell-mediated immune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune response is characterized by the destruction of pathogens via the secretion of antibodies?

<p>Humoral immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells function as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

<p>Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells possess MHC-I molecules on their surface?

<p>All nucleated cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Tc cells in the immune response?

<p>To recognize and kill grafted cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of B-cell response is predominant in the early stages of infection?

<p>IgM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do B cells undergo differentiation within the body?

<p>Bone marrow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In DiGeorge syndrome, T cells show which abnormal characteristic?

<p>Failure to differentiate properly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells are primarily responsible for targeting infected cells that lack MHC-I proteins?

<p>NK cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key function of MHC class I and II proteins in the immune system?

<p>To enable T cells to recognize foreign antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main functions of the innate immune system?

<p>To provide immediate defense and stimulate the adaptive immune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immunity system can respond to a wider variety of foreign antigens?

<p>Innate immunity; because it has broader specificity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tc cell recognition of grafted cells

Tc (cytotoxic T) cells recognize and kill cells displaying foreign molecules, effectively rejecting grafts.

B cell antigen recognition

B cells recognize and bind to whole, unprocessed antigens without needing MHC proteins.

B cell differentiation location

B cells mature and differentiate in the bone marrow.

Primary humoral response antibody

IgM is the predominant antibody during the initial stages of the primary immune response.

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DiGeorge syndrome T cell impact

DiGeorge syndrome causes abnormal T cell development due to a lack of a fully functional thymus.

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NK cell function

NK cells kill infected cells that lack MHC-I proteins, which usually display self-molecules.

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MHC alternate name

MHC is also known as the HLA complex.

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MHC Classes I and II function

MHC classes I and II enable T cells to recognize foreign antigens.

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Innate immunity functions

Innate immunity provides a first line of defense and stimulates adaptive immunity.

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Innate immunity broader specificity

Innate immunity recognizes conserved patterns in foreign materials, making it more broadly reactive.

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Innate Immunity Cells

Cells that provide immediate, non-specific defense against pathogens, including monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cells.

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Humoral Immunity Cells

Cells that produce antibodies to target pathogens, primarily B lymphocytes.

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Cell-Mediated Immunity Cells

Cells that directly attack infected or abnormal cells, mainly T lymphocytes.

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T Cell Differentiation Signal

Interaction with MHC I or MHC II molecules signals immature T cells to differentiate into a single-positive cell type.

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T Cell Differentiation Organ

The thymus is the site where T cells mature and differentiate.

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Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

Cells that process and present antigens to T cells. Includes dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.

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MHC-I Antigen Source

MHC-I molecules present antigens derived from intracellular proteins.

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MHC-I Cell Presence

All nucleated cells possess MHC-I molecules.

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Th1 Cells and Intracellular Pathogens

Th1 cells are key to the immune response against intracellular pathogens (like tuberculosis).

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CD8+ Cell Killing Methods

CD8+ cells kill target cells by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death).

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MHC-I in Graft Rejection

MHC-I molecules on allogeneic donor cells can trigger an immune response and lead to graft rejection.

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Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Process where Fc receptors on cells bind to antibody-coated antigens, leading to cell destruction.

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Fc Receptor Binding

Mechanism where cells with Fc receptors bind to the Fc portion of antibodies, triggering specific responses like cell inactivation.

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Cytotoxic T cell action

T cells directly kill infected cells.

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Macrophage pathogen ingestion

Macrophages engulf and destroy pathogens.

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Opsonization

Antigen coating that enhances phagocytosis.

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Humoral Immunity

Branch of adaptive immunity mediated by antibodies, targeting extracellular pathogens and toxins.

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Primary Immune Response

Initial immune response to an antigen, characterized by a delay, IgM production followed by IgG.

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Secondary Immune Response

Faster, stronger immune response to a previously encountered antigen; largely IgG memory response.

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Helper T cells

CD4+ T cells activating B cells for clonal expansion, isotype switching, and memory cell formation.

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Activated B Cells

B cells that have been stimulated into becoming plasma cells or memory B cells.

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Study Notes

Innate Immunity

  • Mediated by monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cells

Humoral Immunity

  • Mediated by B lymphocytes

Cell-Mediated Immunity

  • Mediated by T lymphocytes

T-Cell Receptor Interaction

  • Interaction with major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) or MHC II signals differentiation of immature T cells into single-positive cells

T-Cell Differentiation Location

  • Occurs in the thymus

Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

  • Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

MHC-I Molecule Antigen Source

  • Intracellular proteins

MHC-I Molecule Possession

  • All nucleated cells possess MHC-I molecules

T-Helper Line for Intracellular Pathogens

  • Th1 cells are more effective against intracellular pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis

CD8+ Cell Killing Mechanisms

  • Lyse infected cells or induce apoptosis

MHC-I Role in Graft Rejection

  • Recognized by Tc cells, which kill the grafted cells

Immune Cell with Whole Antigen Receptors

  • B lymphocytes have receptors for whole, unprocessed antigens and do not require MHC presentation.

B-Cell Differentiation Location

  • Bone marrow

Predominant Antibody in Primary Humoral Response

  • IgM

T-Cells in DiGeorge Syndrome

  • Abnormal differentiation due to thymic hypoplasia

NK Cell Target

  • Infected cells lacking MHC-I proteins

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Alternate Names

  • Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex

MHC Class I and II Protein Importance

  • Enable T cells to recognize foreign antigens

Innate Immunity Functions

  • Provides a first line of defense and stimulates adaptive immunity

Conserved Pattern Recognition in Immunity

  • Innate immunity recognizes conserved patterns in foreign substances

Self vs. Nonself Discrimination

  • Innate immunity is better at discriminating self from nonself

Principal Innate Effector Cells (besides epithelial cells)

  • Monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, and NK cells

NK Cell Infection Identification

  • By identifying abnormal cytokine levels and the absence of host MHC-I molecules

NK Cell Killing Method

  • Perforins and granzymes induce apoptosis

NK Cell Deficiency Infections

  • Predisposes to intracellular infections, including viruses

Nasopharynx Immunoglobulin

  • IgA

IgE Mediated Processes

  • Helminth immunity and allergy/anaphylaxis

Most Abundant Serum Antibody

  • IgG

Antibody Produced in Largest Amounts

  • IgA

Antibody with Highest Avidity

  • IgM

Fetus's Primary Immunoglobulin

  • IgM

Antibody-Mediated Cell Cytotoxicity (ADCC)

  • Process where antibodies activate NK cells (using IgG) or eosinophils (using IgE), causing cell inactivation

Direct Opsonization Molecules

  • IgG and C3b

Adaptive Immunity Branches

  • Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity

Humoral Immunity Mediators and Targets

  • B cells and antibodies; extracellular pathogens, certain intracellular pathogens, and toxins

Primary vs. Secondary Immune Responses

  • Primary responses are quicker but less specific, characterized by IgM, and have a longer lag period. Secondary responses are slower but more specific due to memory B cells; they have larger amounts of IgG and shorter lag periods.

B-Cell Activation Stimuli

  • CD4+ helper T cells

T Cell Types for CMI

  • CD4+ helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells (CD8+), plus macrophages and NK cells

Cell-Mediated Immunity Target Types

  • Cells with intracellular microorganisms and aberrant endogenous cells like cancer cells

Cell-Mediated Immunity Deficiency Infections

  • Fungal, viral, opportunistic infections, and intracellular organisms

Antibody-Mediated Hypersensitivity Types

  • Type I, Type II, and Type III

Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity Type

  • Type IV

Type I Hypersensitivity Mediating Antibodies

  • IgE

Alternative Type II and III Names

  • Antibody-mediated cytotoxic reactions
  • Immune complex-mediated reactions

Type I Reaction Synonym

  • Immediate hypersensitivity

Type I Hypersensitivity Phases

  • Early and late reactions

Acute/Immediate Type I Reactions Symptoms

  • Edema, erythema, wheal and flare reaction in skin, itching, and runny nose

Late Phase Type I Reactions Symptoms

  • Edema and induration, wheezing

Type I Hypersensitivity Clinical Manifestations

  • Urticaria (hives), eczema, rhinitis, asthma, and conjunctivitis

Most Severe Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction

  • Systemic anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis Common Causes

  • Peanuts, bee venom, drugs, and latex allergy

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