Immunology: Adaptive vs Innate Immunity
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Questions and Answers

The recognition of microbes by the innate immune system is specific to the type of microbe.

False

Phagocytes express receptors for sialic acid residues on bacterial glycoproteins.

False

The innate immune system can be evaded by microbes that develop mutations in essential structures.

False

Lysozyme is present in all bodily secretions.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sebaceous gland secretions have a role in physiochemical barriers.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Innate immunity recognizes unique structures present on host cells.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cilia lining the trachea are part of the adaptive immune response.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibodies are a component of the innate immune response.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The skin acts as a physical barrier against infections, but its importance is only significant when an individual suffers from minor injuries.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

All infections enter the body via the epithelial surface of the skin.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Macrophages are directly delivered from the bone marrow to the tissues.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lysozyme is an example of an acute phase protein.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neutrophils are the least abundant leukocytes in the blood.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microglial cells are a type of macrophage that resides in the liver.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytokines of innate immunity are a type of soluble factor.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Interferons are produced by neutrophils.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eosinophils are present in the blood and tissues as part of the adaptive immune system

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The innate immune system is the second line of defense against infection

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lysozyme is a soluble factor produced by the adaptive immune system

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The innate immune system produces specific reactions to each infectious agent

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural killer cells are part of the adaptive immune system

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phagocytic cells are a type of physical barrier

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The innate immune system is improved by repeated exposure to infection

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Physical barriers are part of the adaptive immune system

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The innate immune system is the second line of defense against infectious agents.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The innate immune system can recognize and respond to specific pathogens.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Innate immunity provides long-term protection against infections.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The innate immune system is responsible for the rejection of tissue grafts.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The innate immune system is present from birth and remains throughout life.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The innate immune system can be activated by the presence of tumorous cells.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The innate immune system is a specific defense mechanism against infections.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The innate immune system is able to distinguish between self and non-self.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monocytes that enter extravascular tissues survive in these sites for short periods.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Macrophages are found in the connective tissues and in every organ in the body.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phagocytosis is a process in which the phagocyte extends its plasma membrane around the host cells.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phagocyte Oxidase converts molecular oxygen into reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) that are toxic to the host cells.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nitric Oxide Synthase catalyzes the conversion of arginine to nitric oxide (NO) which is a microbicidal substance.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inherited deficiency of Phagocyte Oxidase enzyme is the cause of an immunodeficiency disease called Chronic Lymphocytic Disease.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Chronic Granulomatous Disease, phagocytes are able to eradicate intracellular microbes.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Macrophages stimulate NK cells by secretion of IL-10.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does immunology refer to?

<p>The study of immunity, cellular and molecular events that occur after exposure to microbes and other foreign macromolecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which word is immunity derived from?

<p>Immunitas</p> Signup and view all the answers

The innate immune system is the second line of defense against infections.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the innate immune system, _________________ are always present as a first line of defense.

<p>physical barriers, phagocytic cells, eosinophils, natural killer cells, blood-borne molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of innate immunity:

<p>Intact skin = Good physical barrier Phagocytes = Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages Natural killer (NK) cells = Cell capable of killing infected cells Soluble factors = Interferons, Lysozyme, CRP, Complement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of macrophages?

<p>Produce cytokines, secrete growth factors, stimulate NK cells, stimulate T lymphocytes, and perform phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is immunology?

<p>Immunology is the study of immunity, cellular and molecular events that occur after exposure to microbes and other foreign macromolecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is the first line of defense against infectious agents?

<p>Innate immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the adaptive immune system, a specific reaction is produced to each infectious agent, which normally eradicates that agent. It must be stimulated with ______________ before it can be effective.

<p>microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the components with the correct immune system:

<p>Phagocytes, Natural killer cells = Innate immune system Lymphocytes, Antibodies = Adaptive immune system Interferons, Complement, Cytokines = Innate immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

The innate immune system recognizes structures that are unique to host cells.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Adaptive Immunity

  • Specific for antigens that may be microbial or non-microbial, not essential for survival
  • May differ among microbes of the same type
  • Microbes can evade adaptive immunity by mutating the antigens recognized by lymphocytes

Innate Immunity

  • Recognizes structures that are shared by microbes, but not present on host cells
  • Cannot be evaded by microbes
  • Components:
    • Intact skin (physical barrier)
    • Phagocytes (Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages)
    • Natural killer (NK) cells
    • Soluble factors (e.g. Interferons, Lysozyme, Acute phase proteins, Complement)
    • Cytokines of innate immunity

Phagocytes

  • Types: Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages
  • Function: Recognize and ingest microbes for intracellular killing
  • Neutrophils:
    • Most abundant leukocytes in the blood (4000-10,000/mm3)
    • Called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)
  • Monocytes:
    • Less abundant than neutrophils (500-1000/mm3)
    • When traveled into tissues, called macrophages (monocytes/macrophage series)

Physical and Biochemical Defenses

  • Exterior defense represented by physical and biochemical defenses
  • Includes:
    • Lysozyme in most secretions
    • Sebaceous gland secretions
    • Mucus secretion
    • Spermine in semen
    • Acid in stomach
    • Potent biochemical substances (e.g. tears, lysozyme, complements)
    • Skin and mucus membrane
    • Cilia lining trachea
    • Commensal organisms in gut and vagina

Recognition of Microbes by Innate Immune System

  • Recognizes structures that are shared by microbes, but not present on host cells
  • Examples:
    • Phagocytes express receptors for bacterial LPS
    • Phagocytes express receptors for terminal mannose residues on bacterial glycoproteins
    • Phagocytes recognize and respond to ds RNA
    • Neutrophils and macrophages express receptors for antibodies and complement proteins

Immunology

  • Study of immunity, cellular and molecular events that occur after exposure to microbes and other foreign macromolecules
  • Immune system:
    • Defends against infections
    • Recognizes and responds to tissue grafts
    • Defends against tumor
    • Produces highly specific antibodies for detecting molecules
  • Divided into:
    • Innate (Natural or Native) immunity
    • Adaptive (Acquired or Specific) immunity

Functions of Immune System

  • Defense against infections
  • Recognition and response to tissue grafts
  • Defense against tumor
  • Production of highly specific antibodies for detecting molecules

Immunology

  • Immunology is the study of immunity, cellular, and molecular events that occur after exposure to microbes and other foreign macromolecules.
  • It began as a study of the response of the whole animal to infection.
  • Derived from the Latin word "Immunitas", which means a reaction of the immune system to foreign substances including microbes and macromolecules.

Immune System

  • The immune system has various functions, including:
    • Defense against infections
    • Recognizing and responding to tissue grafts
    • Defense against tumors
    • Antibodies as highly specific reagents for detecting molecules
  • The immune system is divided into two parts:
    • Innate (Natural or Native) immune system
    • Adaptive (Acquired or Specific) immune system

Innate Immune System

  • The innate immune system is always present and ready to recognize and eliminate microbes.
  • It is the first line of defense against infectious agents.
  • Examples of innate immune system defense mechanisms include:
    • Physical barriers (e.g., skin, mucous membranes)
    • Phagocytic cells (e.g., neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages)
    • Eosinophils in the blood and tissues
    • Natural killer cells (NK)
    • Blood-borne molecules (e.g., lysozyme, acute phase proteins)

Adaptive Immune System

  • The adaptive immune system is directed against microbial and non-microbial antigens.
  • It produces specific reactions to each infectious agent, which normally eradicates the agent.
  • It must be stimulated with microbes before it can be effective.
  • It remembers the previous infectious agent and can prevent it (e.g., life-long immunity following infection).

Responses of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems to Infection

  • The innate immune system provides immediate defense against infection, while the adaptive immune system provides long-term protection.
  • The innate immune system recognizes structures shared by microbes, whereas the adaptive immune system recognizes specific antigens.

Major Elements of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems

  • Innate immune system:
    • Soluble factors (e.g., lysozyme, complement, acute phase proteins)
    • Cells (e.g., phagocytes, natural killer cells)
    • Physiochemical barriers (e.g., skin, mucous membranes)
  • Adaptive immune system:
    • Soluble factors (e.g., antibodies, lymphocyte-derived cytokines)
    • Cells (e.g., lymphocytes)
    • Physiochemical barriers (e.g., antibodies in mucosal secretions)

Recognition of Microbes by Innate Immune System

  • The innate immune system recognizes structures shared by microbes, such as:
    • Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on bacterial surfaces
    • Terminal mannose residues on bacterial glycoproteins
    • Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) found in many viruses

Components of Innate Immunity

  • Intact skin: provides a physical barrier against infection
  • Phagocytes (e.g., neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages): recognize and ingest microbes for intracellular killing
  • Natural killer cells (NK): recognize and kill infected cells or tumor cells
  • Soluble factors (e.g., interferons, lysozyme, acute phase proteins): provide biochemical defenses against infection

Functions of Macrophages

  • Produce cytokines that are important mediators of the host defense
  • Secrete growth factors and enzymes that serve to remodel injured tissue and replace it with connective tissue
  • Stimulate natural killer cells by secretion of IL-12
  • Stimulate T lymphocytes and respond to products of T cells
  • Engulf and digest foreign substances and microorganisms through phagocytosis

Immunology

  • Immunology is the study of immunity, cellular, and molecular events that occur after exposure to microbes and other foreign macromolecules.
  • It began as a study of the response of the whole animal to infection.
  • Derived from the Latin word "Immunitas", which means a reaction of the immune system to foreign substances including microbes and macromolecules.

Immune System

  • The immune system has various functions, including:
    • Defense against infections
    • Recognizing and responding to tissue grafts
    • Defense against tumors
    • Antibodies as highly specific reagents for detecting molecules
  • The immune system is divided into two parts:
    • Innate (Natural or Native) immune system
    • Adaptive (Acquired or Specific) immune system

Innate Immune System

  • The innate immune system is always present and ready to recognize and eliminate microbes.
  • It is the first line of defense against infectious agents.
  • Examples of innate immune system defense mechanisms include:
    • Physical barriers (e.g., skin, mucous membranes)
    • Phagocytic cells (e.g., neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages)
    • Eosinophils in the blood and tissues
    • Natural killer cells (NK)
    • Blood-borne molecules (e.g., lysozyme, acute phase proteins)

Adaptive Immune System

  • The adaptive immune system is directed against microbial and non-microbial antigens.
  • It produces specific reactions to each infectious agent, which normally eradicates the agent.
  • It must be stimulated with microbes before it can be effective.
  • It remembers the previous infectious agent and can prevent it (e.g., life-long immunity following infection).

Responses of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems to Infection

  • The innate immune system provides immediate defense against infection, while the adaptive immune system provides long-term protection.
  • The innate immune system recognizes structures shared by microbes, whereas the adaptive immune system recognizes specific antigens.

Major Elements of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems

  • Innate immune system:
    • Soluble factors (e.g., lysozyme, complement, acute phase proteins)
    • Cells (e.g., phagocytes, natural killer cells)
    • Physiochemical barriers (e.g., skin, mucous membranes)
  • Adaptive immune system:
    • Soluble factors (e.g., antibodies, lymphocyte-derived cytokines)
    • Cells (e.g., lymphocytes)
    • Physiochemical barriers (e.g., antibodies in mucosal secretions)

Recognition of Microbes by Innate Immune System

  • The innate immune system recognizes structures shared by microbes, such as:
    • Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on bacterial surfaces
    • Terminal mannose residues on bacterial glycoproteins
    • Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) found in many viruses

Components of Innate Immunity

  • Intact skin: provides a physical barrier against infection
  • Phagocytes (e.g., neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages): recognize and ingest microbes for intracellular killing
  • Natural killer cells (NK): recognize and kill infected cells or tumor cells
  • Soluble factors (e.g., interferons, lysozyme, acute phase proteins): provide biochemical defenses against infection

Functions of Macrophages

  • Produce cytokines that are important mediators of the host defense
  • Secrete growth factors and enzymes that serve to remodel injured tissue and replace it with connective tissue
  • Stimulate natural killer cells by secretion of IL-12
  • Stimulate T lymphocytes and respond to products of T cells
  • Engulf and digest foreign substances and microorganisms through phagocytosis

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Immunology-Lecture 1 PDF

Description

Learn about the differences between adaptive and innate immunity, including their components and how microbes can evade the immune system. This quiz covers the basics of immunology and the role of lymphocytes, phagocytes, and natural killer cells.

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