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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
The recognition of microbes by the innate immune system is specific to the type of microbe.
The recognition of microbes by the innate immune system is specific to the type of microbe.
False (B)
Phagocytes express receptors for sialic acid residues on bacterial glycoproteins.
Phagocytes express receptors for sialic acid residues on bacterial glycoproteins.
False (B)
The innate immune system can be evaded by microbes that develop mutations in essential structures.
The innate immune system can be evaded by microbes that develop mutations in essential structures.
False (B)
Lysozyme is present in all bodily secretions.
Lysozyme is present in all bodily secretions.
Sebaceous gland secretions have a role in physiochemical barriers.
Sebaceous gland secretions have a role in physiochemical barriers.
Innate immunity recognizes unique structures present on host cells.
Innate immunity recognizes unique structures present on host cells.
Cilia lining the trachea are part of the adaptive immune response.
Cilia lining the trachea are part of the adaptive immune response.
Antibodies are a component of the innate immune response.
Antibodies are a component of the innate immune response.
The skin acts as a physical barrier against infections, but its importance is only significant when an individual suffers from minor injuries.
The skin acts as a physical barrier against infections, but its importance is only significant when an individual suffers from minor injuries.
All infections enter the body via the epithelial surface of the skin.
All infections enter the body via the epithelial surface of the skin.
Macrophages are directly delivered from the bone marrow to the tissues.
Macrophages are directly delivered from the bone marrow to the tissues.
Lysozyme is an example of an acute phase protein.
Lysozyme is an example of an acute phase protein.
Neutrophils are the least abundant leukocytes in the blood.
Neutrophils are the least abundant leukocytes in the blood.
Microglial cells are a type of macrophage that resides in the liver.
Microglial cells are a type of macrophage that resides in the liver.
Cytokines of innate immunity are a type of soluble factor.
Cytokines of innate immunity are a type of soluble factor.
Interferons are produced by neutrophils.
Interferons are produced by neutrophils.
Eosinophils are present in the blood and tissues as part of the adaptive immune system
Eosinophils are present in the blood and tissues as part of the adaptive immune system
The innate immune system is the second line of defense against infection
The innate immune system is the second line of defense against infection
Lysozyme is a soluble factor produced by the adaptive immune system
Lysozyme is a soluble factor produced by the adaptive immune system
The innate immune system produces specific reactions to each infectious agent
The innate immune system produces specific reactions to each infectious agent
Natural killer cells are part of the adaptive immune system
Natural killer cells are part of the adaptive immune system
Phagocytic cells are a type of physical barrier
Phagocytic cells are a type of physical barrier
The innate immune system is improved by repeated exposure to infection
The innate immune system is improved by repeated exposure to infection
Physical barriers are part of the adaptive immune system
Physical barriers are part of the adaptive immune system
The innate immune system is the second line of defense against infectious agents.
The innate immune system is the second line of defense against infectious agents.
The innate immune system can recognize and respond to specific pathogens.
The innate immune system can recognize and respond to specific pathogens.
Innate immunity provides long-term protection against infections.
Innate immunity provides long-term protection against infections.
The innate immune system is responsible for the rejection of tissue grafts.
The innate immune system is responsible for the rejection of tissue grafts.
The innate immune system is present from birth and remains throughout life.
The innate immune system is present from birth and remains throughout life.
The innate immune system can be activated by the presence of tumorous cells.
The innate immune system can be activated by the presence of tumorous cells.
The innate immune system is a specific defense mechanism against infections.
The innate immune system is a specific defense mechanism against infections.
The innate immune system is able to distinguish between self and non-self.
The innate immune system is able to distinguish between self and non-self.
Monocytes that enter extravascular tissues survive in these sites for short periods.
Monocytes that enter extravascular tissues survive in these sites for short periods.
Macrophages are found in the connective tissues and in every organ in the body.
Macrophages are found in the connective tissues and in every organ in the body.
Phagocytosis is a process in which the phagocyte extends its plasma membrane around the host cells.
Phagocytosis is a process in which the phagocyte extends its plasma membrane around the host cells.
Phagocyte Oxidase converts molecular oxygen into reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) that are toxic to the host cells.
Phagocyte Oxidase converts molecular oxygen into reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) that are toxic to the host cells.
Nitric Oxide Synthase catalyzes the conversion of arginine to nitric oxide (NO) which is a microbicidal substance.
Nitric Oxide Synthase catalyzes the conversion of arginine to nitric oxide (NO) which is a microbicidal substance.
Inherited deficiency of Phagocyte Oxidase enzyme is the cause of an immunodeficiency disease called Chronic Lymphocytic Disease.
Inherited deficiency of Phagocyte Oxidase enzyme is the cause of an immunodeficiency disease called Chronic Lymphocytic Disease.
In Chronic Granulomatous Disease, phagocytes are able to eradicate intracellular microbes.
In Chronic Granulomatous Disease, phagocytes are able to eradicate intracellular microbes.
Macrophages stimulate NK cells by secretion of IL-10.
Macrophages stimulate NK cells by secretion of IL-10.
What does immunology refer to?
What does immunology refer to?
Which word is immunity derived from?
Which word is immunity derived from?
The innate immune system is the second line of defense against infections.
The innate immune system is the second line of defense against infections.
In the innate immune system, _________________ are always present as a first line of defense.
In the innate immune system, _________________ are always present as a first line of defense.
Match the following components of innate immunity:
Match the following components of innate immunity:
What is the function of macrophages?
What is the function of macrophages?
What is immunology?
What is immunology?
Which system is the first line of defense against infectious agents?
Which system is the first line of defense against infectious agents?
In the adaptive immune system, a specific reaction is produced to each infectious agent, which normally eradicates that agent. It must be stimulated with ______________ before it can be effective.
In the adaptive immune system, a specific reaction is produced to each infectious agent, which normally eradicates that agent. It must be stimulated with ______________ before it can be effective.
Match the components with the correct immune system:
Match the components with the correct immune system:
The innate immune system recognizes structures that are unique to host cells.
The innate immune system recognizes structures that are unique to host cells.
Questions and Answers
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Adaptive Immunity
- Specific for antigens that may be microbial or non-microbial, not essential for survival
- May differ among microbes of the same type
- Microbes can evade adaptive immunity by mutating the antigens recognized by lymphocytes
Innate Immunity
- Recognizes structures that are shared by microbes, but not present on host cells
- Cannot be evaded by microbes
- Components:
- Intact skin (physical barrier)
- Phagocytes (Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages)
- Natural killer (NK) cells
- Soluble factors (e.g. Interferons, Lysozyme, Acute phase proteins, Complement)
- Cytokines of innate immunity
Phagocytes
- Types: Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages
- Function: Recognize and ingest microbes for intracellular killing
- Neutrophils:
- Most abundant leukocytes in the blood (4000-10,000/mm3)
- Called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)
- Monocytes:
- Less abundant than neutrophils (500-1000/mm3)
- When traveled into tissues, called macrophages (monocytes/macrophage series)
Physical and Biochemical Defenses
- Exterior defense represented by physical and biochemical defenses
- Includes:
- Lysozyme in most secretions
- Sebaceous gland secretions
- Mucus secretion
- Spermine in semen
- Acid in stomach
- Potent biochemical substances (e.g. tears, lysozyme, complements)
- Skin and mucus membrane
- Cilia lining trachea
- Commensal organisms in gut and vagina
Recognition of Microbes by Innate Immune System
- Recognizes structures that are shared by microbes, but not present on host cells
- Examples:
- Phagocytes express receptors for bacterial LPS
- Phagocytes express receptors for terminal mannose residues on bacterial glycoproteins
- Phagocytes recognize and respond to ds RNA
- Neutrophils and macrophages express receptors for antibodies and complement proteins
Immunology
- Study of immunity, cellular and molecular events that occur after exposure to microbes and other foreign macromolecules
- Immune system:
- Defends against infections
- Recognizes and responds to tissue grafts
- Defends against tumor
- Produces highly specific antibodies for detecting molecules
- Divided into:
- Innate (Natural or Native) immunity
- Adaptive (Acquired or Specific) immunity
Functions of Immune System
- Defense against infections
- Recognition and response to tissue grafts
- Defense against tumor
- Production of highly specific antibodies for detecting molecules
Immunology
- Immunology is the study of immunity, cellular, and molecular events that occur after exposure to microbes and other foreign macromolecules.
- It began as a study of the response of the whole animal to infection.
- Derived from the Latin word "Immunitas", which means a reaction of the immune system to foreign substances including microbes and macromolecules.
Immune System
- The immune system has various functions, including:
- Defense against infections
- Recognizing and responding to tissue grafts
- Defense against tumors
- Antibodies as highly specific reagents for detecting molecules
- The immune system is divided into two parts:
- Innate (Natural or Native) immune system
- Adaptive (Acquired or Specific) immune system
Innate Immune System
- The innate immune system is always present and ready to recognize and eliminate microbes.
- It is the first line of defense against infectious agents.
- Examples of innate immune system defense mechanisms include:
- Physical barriers (e.g., skin, mucous membranes)
- Phagocytic cells (e.g., neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages)
- Eosinophils in the blood and tissues
- Natural killer cells (NK)
- Blood-borne molecules (e.g., lysozyme, acute phase proteins)
Adaptive Immune System
- The adaptive immune system is directed against microbial and non-microbial antigens.
- It produces specific reactions to each infectious agent, which normally eradicates the agent.
- It must be stimulated with microbes before it can be effective.
- It remembers the previous infectious agent and can prevent it (e.g., life-long immunity following infection).
Responses of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems to Infection
- The innate immune system provides immediate defense against infection, while the adaptive immune system provides long-term protection.
- The innate immune system recognizes structures shared by microbes, whereas the adaptive immune system recognizes specific antigens.
Major Elements of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems
- Innate immune system:
- Soluble factors (e.g., lysozyme, complement, acute phase proteins)
- Cells (e.g., phagocytes, natural killer cells)
- Physiochemical barriers (e.g., skin, mucous membranes)
- Adaptive immune system:
- Soluble factors (e.g., antibodies, lymphocyte-derived cytokines)
- Cells (e.g., lymphocytes)
- Physiochemical barriers (e.g., antibodies in mucosal secretions)
Recognition of Microbes by Innate Immune System
- The innate immune system recognizes structures shared by microbes, such as:
- Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on bacterial surfaces
- Terminal mannose residues on bacterial glycoproteins
- Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) found in many viruses
Components of Innate Immunity
- Intact skin: provides a physical barrier against infection
- Phagocytes (e.g., neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages): recognize and ingest microbes for intracellular killing
- Natural killer cells (NK): recognize and kill infected cells or tumor cells
- Soluble factors (e.g., interferons, lysozyme, acute phase proteins): provide biochemical defenses against infection
Functions of Macrophages
- Produce cytokines that are important mediators of the host defense
- Secrete growth factors and enzymes that serve to remodel injured tissue and replace it with connective tissue
- Stimulate natural killer cells by secretion of IL-12
- Stimulate T lymphocytes and respond to products of T cells
- Engulf and digest foreign substances and microorganisms through phagocytosis
Immunology
- Immunology is the study of immunity, cellular, and molecular events that occur after exposure to microbes and other foreign macromolecules.
- It began as a study of the response of the whole animal to infection.
- Derived from the Latin word "Immunitas", which means a reaction of the immune system to foreign substances including microbes and macromolecules.
Immune System
- The immune system has various functions, including:
- Defense against infections
- Recognizing and responding to tissue grafts
- Defense against tumors
- Antibodies as highly specific reagents for detecting molecules
- The immune system is divided into two parts:
- Innate (Natural or Native) immune system
- Adaptive (Acquired or Specific) immune system
Innate Immune System
- The innate immune system is always present and ready to recognize and eliminate microbes.
- It is the first line of defense against infectious agents.
- Examples of innate immune system defense mechanisms include:
- Physical barriers (e.g., skin, mucous membranes)
- Phagocytic cells (e.g., neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages)
- Eosinophils in the blood and tissues
- Natural killer cells (NK)
- Blood-borne molecules (e.g., lysozyme, acute phase proteins)
Adaptive Immune System
- The adaptive immune system is directed against microbial and non-microbial antigens.
- It produces specific reactions to each infectious agent, which normally eradicates the agent.
- It must be stimulated with microbes before it can be effective.
- It remembers the previous infectious agent and can prevent it (e.g., life-long immunity following infection).
Responses of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems to Infection
- The innate immune system provides immediate defense against infection, while the adaptive immune system provides long-term protection.
- The innate immune system recognizes structures shared by microbes, whereas the adaptive immune system recognizes specific antigens.
Major Elements of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems
- Innate immune system:
- Soluble factors (e.g., lysozyme, complement, acute phase proteins)
- Cells (e.g., phagocytes, natural killer cells)
- Physiochemical barriers (e.g., skin, mucous membranes)
- Adaptive immune system:
- Soluble factors (e.g., antibodies, lymphocyte-derived cytokines)
- Cells (e.g., lymphocytes)
- Physiochemical barriers (e.g., antibodies in mucosal secretions)
Recognition of Microbes by Innate Immune System
- The innate immune system recognizes structures shared by microbes, such as:
- Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on bacterial surfaces
- Terminal mannose residues on bacterial glycoproteins
- Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) found in many viruses
Components of Innate Immunity
- Intact skin: provides a physical barrier against infection
- Phagocytes (e.g., neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages): recognize and ingest microbes for intracellular killing
- Natural killer cells (NK): recognize and kill infected cells or tumor cells
- Soluble factors (e.g., interferons, lysozyme, acute phase proteins): provide biochemical defenses against infection
Functions of Macrophages
- Produce cytokines that are important mediators of the host defense
- Secrete growth factors and enzymes that serve to remodel injured tissue and replace it with connective tissue
- Stimulate natural killer cells by secretion of IL-12
- Stimulate T lymphocytes and respond to products of T cells
- Engulf and digest foreign substances and microorganisms through phagocytosis
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