Immunology Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a way that barriers are continually being cleaned?

  • Urination
  • Sneezing
  • Muscle contraction (correct)
  • Cilia movements

    • Pathogens can only penetrate epithelial barriers with the help of external factors like wounds or bites.

    False (B)

    What are the two main types of effector responses in the adaptive immune system?

    Humoral and cellular responses

    The external surface of epithelial barriers is often coated with ______ that provide an initial line of defense against pathogens.

    <p>antimicrobial peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following immune cells with their respective categories:

    <p>Monocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic cells = Mononuclear Phagocytes Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils = Polymorphonuclear Cells B cells, T cells, Innate Lymphoid Cells = Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Innate defenses can effectively eliminate all types of pathogens.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sentinel cell found at epithelial barriers?

    <p>Red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how pathogens can evolve to evade the innate immune system.

    <p>Pathogens can evolve to evade the innate immune system by changing their molecular patterns, which are recognized by innate immune cells. For example, some bacteria can modify their surface proteins to avoid detection by macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Effector cells are responsible for mediating resistance to disease.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a characteristic of stem cells found in the bone marrow?

    <p>They are directly involved in the adaptive immune response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the buffy coat in a blood sample?

    <p>Leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of blood clotting followed by centrifugation results in a ______ at the bottom and ______ above it.

    <p>clot, serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood cell types with their primary function:

    <p>Erythrocytes = Carry oxygen to the tissues Leukocytes = Immune defense against pathogens Platelets = Blood clotting Plasma = Fluid component of blood containing proteins, electrolytes, and nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune cell is considered the most important professional antigen-presenting cell (APC) for initiating a T cell-mediated adaptive immune response?

    <p>Dendritic cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mast cells are primarily involved in the adaptive immune response.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main vasoactive factor released by mast cells that contributes to increased blood flow and vascular permeability?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome when enough cells are infected by viruses?

    <p>Cellular malfunction leading to disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacterial cells can only survive inside host cells.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one indicator of viral infection in cells.

    <p>Cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacterial toxins that are produced as virulence factors but are not required for survival are called __________.

    <p>exotoxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about prokaryotes is true?

    <p>Prokaryotes are smaller than human cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following descriptions with the correct types of toxins:

    <p>Endotoxins = Required for bacterial survival Exotoxins = Produced as virulence factors Both = Can cause disease in host Neither = Naturally found in host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molecular patterns of bacteria do not change over time.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells can be infected by many different viruses?

    <p>Respiratory, digestive, CNS, white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathogens is a large multicellular organism?

    <p>Worms (helminths) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All fungi are multicellular organisms.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease is associated with the nematode Loa Loa?

    <p>River Blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacterial infections can often lead to the formation of __________.

    <p>pus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pathogens with their descriptions:

    <p>Fungi = Can be extracellular and intracellular pathogens Protists = Single-celled organisms including Leishmania and Plasmodium Nematodes = Roundworms causing various diseases Cestodes = Tapeworms that live in the intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is recognized most often by the immune system?

    <p>Proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The immune system recognizes pathogens based on molecular patterns that look similar to its own.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average size range of small non-prokaryotic pathogens?

    <p>10-100 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in responding to bacterial infections and is a major component of pus?

    <p>Neutrophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocytes make up approximately 60-70% of the total white blood cell count.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune response?

    <p>To release toxins that specifically target worms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophils are also known as __________ and can be rapidly recruited to inflamed tissues.

    <p>polymorphonuclear leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of white blood cell with its primary role in the immune response:

    <p>Neutrophils = Phagocytosis of bacteria Monocytes = Differentiation into macrophages Eosinophils = Attacking worms Basophils = Involved in allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of molecular pattern is primarily associated with unique pathogens and is a good target for immune receptors?

    <p>Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are good targets for immune receptors.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two categories of molecular patterns recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?

    <p>Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The genes for antigen receptors create _____ specificity for each T and B cell.

    <p>different</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following receptors with their characteristics:

    <p>Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) = Recognize about 1000 distinct molecular patterns Antigen Receptors (AgRs) = Create unique receptor specificity T cell Receptors (TCR) = Found on T cells B cell Receptors (BCR) = Found on B cells and secreted as antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of molecular patterns can lead to inappropriate recognition and possible autoimmunity?

    <p>Antigens (Ag) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All immune cells inherit genes for antigen receptors from their parents.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?

    <p>To recognize distinct molecular patterns associated with pathogens and damaged self.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to the Immune System

    • The immune system is crucial for preventing infectious diseases and traumatic injuries.
    • Historically, high death rates from infectious diseases like smallpox, diphtheria, pneumonia, measles, and scarlet fever were common.
    • Death rates varied annually but were significantly higher in the past than in modern times.
    • The death rate from infectious diseases has declined due to advancements in public health, sanitation, and vaccination.
      • Public health measures such as clean water, food, sewers, and pest control greatly reduced infectious disease death rates.
      • Vaccination programmes have also been crucial in eradicating some diseases.
    • In 2016, in the U.S., heart disease and malignant neoplasms were the leading causes of death.

    Risk of Death from Infectious Diseases

    • Diphtheria: 5–10% death rate in adults, higher in children.
    • Measles: 1–2 per 1000 (~0.15%).
    • Pertussis: Approximately 0.66% worldwide.
    • Polio: 5–15% with acute infection due to paralysis.

    Recurrent Diseases and Pandemics

    • Smallpox (Variola virus): Death rate as high as 30% (higher in infants). Eradicated in 1980 through vaccination.
    • Black Death (Yersinia pestis): 1331 – 1353. Estimated to have killed 75–200 million globally.

    Death in Modern Times (2016 in the U.S.)

    • Top causes of death:
      • Heart disease (23.1%)
      • Malignant neoplasms (21.8%),
      • Accidents (5.9%)
      • Chronic lower respiratory diseases (5.6%),
      • Cerebrovascular diseases (5.2%).

    Why Death Rates from Infectious Disease Declined

    • Biggest reason: Improved public health measures, including clean water, food, sanitation, and pest control.
    • Antibiotics and vaccination also played important roles, as shown by dramatic decline in diseases such as diphtheria, measles, and polio.

    Antibiotics/Antivirals and Vaccination

    • Antibiotics: Cure rate 69%, success rate (improvement) 92%.
    • Vaccination: Significantly effective, saving millions of lives annually globally.

    Death by Infection

    • Most microbes are harmless.
    • Pathogenic microbes have specific characteristics: evade immune defenses, exploit the host, damage cells.

    The good of your immune system

    • Provides resistance to infectious diseases (e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, worms, larvae).
    • Provides protection against non-infectious diseases (e.g., cancers).
    • Promotes wound repair after tissue trauma/injury.

    The bad of your immune system (immunopathology)

    • Can attack the body directly (e.g., autoimmune diseases).
    • Can attack harmless substances (e.g., allergies).
    • Can be destructive when overactive (e.g., tissue damage during inflammation).
    • Attacks transplanted tissues.
    • Reduces life expectancy.

    Examples of Pathogens

    • Viruses: Intracellular
    • Prokaryotes (bacteria): Some intracellular, some extracellular, some both.
    • Small eukaryotes (fungi, protozoans): Some intracellular, some extracellular, some both.
    • Helminths (worms): Extracellular.
    • Larvae: Extracellular.
    • Ectoparasites (e.g., ticks, mosquitoes, flies): Extracellular; vectors for other pathogens.

    Intracellular vs. Extracellular Locations for Pathogens

    • Extracellular: Remain outside host cells. Some can be taken up by phagocytosis.
    • Intracellular: Survive within host cells (e.g., cytosol, vesicles).

    Viruses Are Among the Most Serious Pathogens

    • Smaller than cells; cannot survive independently.
    • Require host cells for propagation.
    • Obligatory intracellular pathogens.
    • Hijack host cell machinery to disrupt normal function
      • Infecting preferred cell types (tropism).
      • Using infected host cells to reproduce.
    • Causing a range of disease outcomes (from no symptoms/low-level disease to severe cell damage and death).
    • Unique molecular patterns

    General Adverse Health Risks of Antibiotics and Vaccines

    • Antibiotics adverse effects include: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, rash, yeast infections, allergic reactions, dizziness, photosensitivity, rarely life-threatening C. difficile infection.
      • Anaphylaxis in variable up to 0.04% for penicillin with 10%.
    • Vaccines adverse effects: pain, redness, swelling at injection site, fever, muscle/joint aches, headache, fatigue, nausea. temporary localized allergic reactions.
      • Anaphylaxis ~1 per million vaccinations. and 5 deaths in 10 years.
      • Vasovagal syncope (associated with needle stick) -- one reported death.

    Other topics

    • Information on various types of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, and worms) and their infectious diseases were covered.

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    Description

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