Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the term 'Vaccination' derived from?
What is the term 'Vaccination' derived from?
What is the early strategy of vaccination?
What is the early strategy of vaccination?
Who discovered long-lasting protection could be generated against re-infection?
Who discovered long-lasting protection could be generated against re-infection?
What did Jenner use to protect against human smallpox?
What did Jenner use to protect against human smallpox?
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What is the meaning of 'Vaccination' in Latin?
What is the meaning of 'Vaccination' in Latin?
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What is the expected duration of pain, irritation, and redness at the site of MMR vaccine injection?
What is the expected duration of pain, irritation, and redness at the site of MMR vaccine injection?
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Approximately what percentage of adults may experience swollen enlarged lymph nodes and transitory arthritis/arthralgia 1-3 weeks post MMR vaccination?
Approximately what percentage of adults may experience swollen enlarged lymph nodes and transitory arthritis/arthralgia 1-3 weeks post MMR vaccination?
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What is the risk of allergy or anaphylactic reaction if a person has an egg allergy and gets MMR vaccine?
What is the risk of allergy or anaphylactic reaction if a person has an egg allergy and gets MMR vaccine?
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What is the primary risk to the pregnant person associated with primary VZV infection?
What is the primary risk to the pregnant person associated with primary VZV infection?
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When is VZIG given in relation to exposure to varicella-zoster virus (VZV)?
When is VZIG given in relation to exposure to varicella-zoster virus (VZV)?
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What is the route of administration for VZIG?
What is the route of administration for VZIG?
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What is the expected duration for antibodies to be detectable in the blood after VZIG administration?
What is the expected duration for antibodies to be detectable in the blood after VZIG administration?
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What is the t1/2 (half-life) of VZIG?
What is the t1/2 (half-life) of VZIG?
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What is the primary adverse effect of VZIG administration?
What is the primary adverse effect of VZIG administration?
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In which trimester does a primary VZV infection pose the greatest risk to the fetus?
In which trimester does a primary VZV infection pose the greatest risk to the fetus?
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Which type of vaccination introduces antibodies to the host?
Which type of vaccination introduces antibodies to the host?
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What type of cells give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells that make specific antibodies to eliminate the virus?
What type of cells give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells that make specific antibodies to eliminate the virus?
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Which vaccine contains a live attenuated version of the measles, mumps, and rubella viruses?
Which vaccine contains a live attenuated version of the measles, mumps, and rubella viruses?
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When is the MMR vaccine offered in the immediate post-partum?
When is the MMR vaccine offered in the immediate post-partum?
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Which syndrome occurs with maternal exposure to rubella in the first trimester and can lead to congenital anomalies?
Which syndrome occurs with maternal exposure to rubella in the first trimester and can lead to congenital anomalies?
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Which type of vaccination stimulates the immune system without causing significant disease?
Which type of vaccination stimulates the immune system without causing significant disease?
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Which cells directly attack and kill cells displaying the epitopes of the infected cells?
Which cells directly attack and kill cells displaying the epitopes of the infected cells?
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Which vaccine should not be administered during pregnancy?
Which vaccine should not be administered during pregnancy?
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What is the primary function of T-cells in active vaccination?
What is the primary function of T-cells in active vaccination?
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Which type of vaccination can be achieved with purified components of organisms (epitopes) or their toxins?
Which type of vaccination can be achieved with purified components of organisms (epitopes) or their toxins?
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Which of the following is NOT a topic covered in the lecture?
Which of the following is NOT a topic covered in the lecture?
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Who is credited with the early success of vaccination?
Who is credited with the early success of vaccination?
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What is the basis of modern immunology?
What is the basis of modern immunology?
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Which strategy was early vaccination built upon?
Which strategy was early vaccination built upon?
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What does the term 'Vaccination' now represent?
What does the term 'Vaccination' now represent?
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What is the primary function of T-cells in active vaccination?
What is the primary function of T-cells in active vaccination?
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What is the primary risk to the pregnant person associated with primary VZV infection?
What is the primary risk to the pregnant person associated with primary VZV infection?
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What is the expected duration for antibodies to be detectable in the blood after VZIG administration?
What is the expected duration for antibodies to be detectable in the blood after VZIG administration?
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What type of cells directly attack and kill cells displaying the epitopes of the infected cells?
What type of cells directly attack and kill cells displaying the epitopes of the infected cells?
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What is the term 'Vaccination' derived from?
What is the term 'Vaccination' derived from?
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What is the primary risk to the pregnant person associated with primary VZV infection?
What is the primary risk to the pregnant person associated with primary VZV infection?
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What is the term 'Vaccination' associated with?
What is the term 'Vaccination' associated with?
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What is the primary function of T-cells in active vaccination?
What is the primary function of T-cells in active vaccination?
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What is the route of administration for VZIG?
What is the route of administration for VZIG?
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What is the primary adverse effect of VZIG administration?
What is the primary adverse effect of VZIG administration?
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In which trimester does a primary VZV infection pose the greatest risk to the fetus?
In which trimester does a primary VZV infection pose the greatest risk to the fetus?
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What is the risk of allergy or anaphylactic reaction if a person has an egg allergy and gets MMR vaccine?
What is the risk of allergy or anaphylactic reaction if a person has an egg allergy and gets MMR vaccine?
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Which vaccine contains a live attenuated version of the measles, mumps, and rubella viruses?
Which vaccine contains a live attenuated version of the measles, mumps, and rubella viruses?
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What is the expected timeframe for pain, irritation, and redness at the site of MMR vaccine injection?
What is the expected timeframe for pain, irritation, and redness at the site of MMR vaccine injection?
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What is the primary risk associated with a primary VZV infection in the fetus?
What is the primary risk associated with a primary VZV infection in the fetus?
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What is the primary function of VZIG in passive immunity?
What is the primary function of VZIG in passive immunity?
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What is the expected route of administration for VZIG?
What is the expected route of administration for VZIG?
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What is the primary adverse effect of VZIG administration?
What is the primary adverse effect of VZIG administration?
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What is the expected duration for antibodies to be detectable in the blood after VZIG administration?
What is the expected duration for antibodies to be detectable in the blood after VZIG administration?
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What is the primary risk associated with the rubella component of the MMR vaccine in women?
What is the primary risk associated with the rubella component of the MMR vaccine in women?
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What is the primary risk to the pregnant person associated with primary VZV infection?
What is the primary risk to the pregnant person associated with primary VZV infection?
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When is VZIG given in relation to exposure to varicella-zoster virus (VZV)?
When is VZIG given in relation to exposure to varicella-zoster virus (VZV)?
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What is the primary risk of allergy or anaphylactic reaction in relation to the MMR vaccine and egg allergy?
What is the primary risk of allergy or anaphylactic reaction in relation to the MMR vaccine and egg allergy?
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What is the expected timeframe for pain, irritation, and redness at the site of MMR vaccine injection?
What is the expected timeframe for pain, irritation, and redness at the site of MMR vaccine injection?
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Approximately what percentage of adults may experience swollen enlarged lymph nodes and transitory arthritis/arthralgia 1-3 weeks post MMR vaccination?
Approximately what percentage of adults may experience swollen enlarged lymph nodes and transitory arthritis/arthralgia 1-3 weeks post MMR vaccination?
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What is the primary risk associated with the rubella component of the MMR vaccine in women?
What is the primary risk associated with the rubella component of the MMR vaccine in women?
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What is the primary risk to the pregnant person associated with primary VZV infection?
What is the primary risk to the pregnant person associated with primary VZV infection?
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When is VZIG given in relation to exposure to varicella-zoster virus (VZV)?
When is VZIG given in relation to exposure to varicella-zoster virus (VZV)?
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What is the expected duration for antibodies to be detectable in the blood after VZIG administration?
What is the expected duration for antibodies to be detectable in the blood after VZIG administration?
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What is the route of administration for VZIG?
What is the route of administration for VZIG?
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What is the primary adverse effect of VZIG administration?
What is the primary adverse effect of VZIG administration?
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What is the risk of allergy or anaphylactic reaction if a person has an egg allergy and gets MMR vaccine?
What is the risk of allergy or anaphylactic reaction if a person has an egg allergy and gets MMR vaccine?
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What is the risk of allergy or anaphylactic reaction if a person has had a serious allergic reaction to neomycin, gelatin, or MMR vaccine?
What is the risk of allergy or anaphylactic reaction if a person has had a serious allergic reaction to neomycin, gelatin, or MMR vaccine?
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What is the Latin meaning of the term 'Vaccination'?
What is the Latin meaning of the term 'Vaccination'?
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Who discovered long-lasting protection could be generated against re-infection?
Who discovered long-lasting protection could be generated against re-infection?
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Which strategy was early vaccination built upon?
Which strategy was early vaccination built upon?
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What is considered one of the 2 most important contributions to public health in the last 100 years?
What is considered one of the 2 most important contributions to public health in the last 100 years?
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What is the primary function of VZIG in passive immunity?
What is the primary function of VZIG in passive immunity?
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Which type of vaccination introduces antibodies to the host?
Which type of vaccination introduces antibodies to the host?
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What is the route of administration for VZIG?
What is the route of administration for VZIG?
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What is the basis of modern immunology?
What is the basis of modern immunology?
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What is the risk of allergy or anaphylactic reaction if a person has an egg allergy and gets MMR vaccine?
What is the risk of allergy or anaphylactic reaction if a person has an egg allergy and gets MMR vaccine?
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What is the term 'Vaccination' associated with?
What is the term 'Vaccination' associated with?
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Which type of cells recognize epitopes on the virus in the vaccine, become activated, and become cytotoxic cells and memory T cells?
Which type of cells recognize epitopes on the virus in the vaccine, become activated, and become cytotoxic cells and memory T cells?
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Which vaccine contains a live attenuated version of the measles, mumps, and rubella viruses?
Which vaccine contains a live attenuated version of the measles, mumps, and rubella viruses?
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Which type of vaccination can be achieved with purified components of organisms (epitopes) or their toxins?
Which type of vaccination can be achieved with purified components of organisms (epitopes) or their toxins?
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Which vaccine is offered in the immediate post-partum for people with low or no rubella antibodies to protect against a rubella infection in subsequent pregnancies?
Which vaccine is offered in the immediate post-partum for people with low or no rubella antibodies to protect against a rubella infection in subsequent pregnancies?
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Which syndrome occurs with maternal exposure to rubella in the first trimester and can lead to congenital anomalies?
Which syndrome occurs with maternal exposure to rubella in the first trimester and can lead to congenital anomalies?
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Which vaccine should not be administered during pregnancy?
Which vaccine should not be administered during pregnancy?
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Which cells directly attack and kill cells displaying the epitopes of the infected cells?
Which cells directly attack and kill cells displaying the epitopes of the infected cells?
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Which type of vaccination introduces antibodies to the host to 'mop up' problematic antigens?
Which type of vaccination introduces antibodies to the host to 'mop up' problematic antigens?
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Which vaccine contains a live attenuated version of the measles, mumps, and rubella viruses and stimulates the immune system without causing significant disease?
Which vaccine contains a live attenuated version of the measles, mumps, and rubella viruses and stimulates the immune system without causing significant disease?
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Which vaccine is used to protect against a rubella infection in subsequent pregnancies?
Which vaccine is used to protect against a rubella infection in subsequent pregnancies?
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What term is used to describe deliberately causing a mild infection with an unmodified pathogen?
What term is used to describe deliberately causing a mild infection with an unmodified pathogen?
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Who is credited with the early success of vaccination?
Who is credited with the early success of vaccination?
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What does the term 'Vaccination' represent?
What does the term 'Vaccination' represent?
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What is the basis of modern immunology?
What is the basis of modern immunology?
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What term is used to describe the Latin meaning of 'cow'?
What term is used to describe the Latin meaning of 'cow'?
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What is the expected duration for antibodies to be detectable in the blood after VZIG administration?
What is the expected duration for antibodies to be detectable in the blood after VZIG administration?
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What is the primary function of T-cells in active vaccination?
What is the primary function of T-cells in active vaccination?
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What is the route of administration for VZIG?
What is the route of administration for VZIG?
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Which of the following is NOT a topic covered in the lecture?
Which of the following is NOT a topic covered in the lecture?
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What is the primary risk to the pregnant person associated with primary VZV infection?
What is the primary risk to the pregnant person associated with primary VZV infection?
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What is the expected duration of pain, irritation, and redness at the site of MMR vaccine injection?
What is the expected duration of pain, irritation, and redness at the site of MMR vaccine injection?
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When is VZIG given in relation to exposure to varicella-zoster virus (VZV)?
When is VZIG given in relation to exposure to varicella-zoster virus (VZV)?
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What is the primary adverse effect of VZIG administration?
What is the primary adverse effect of VZIG administration?
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What is the risk of allergy or anaphylactic reaction if a person has an egg allergy and gets MMR vaccine?
What is the risk of allergy or anaphylactic reaction if a person has an egg allergy and gets MMR vaccine?
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What is the primary risk associated with a primary VZV infection in the fetus?
What is the primary risk associated with a primary VZV infection in the fetus?
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What is the t1/2 (half-life) of VZIG?
What is the t1/2 (half-life) of VZIG?
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What is the route of administration for VZIG?
What is the route of administration for VZIG?
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What is the primary risk to the pregnant person associated with primary VZV infection?
What is the primary risk to the pregnant person associated with primary VZV infection?
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What is the expected percentage of adults who may experience swollen enlarged lymph nodes and transitory arthritis/arthralgia 1-3 weeks post MMR vaccination?
What is the expected percentage of adults who may experience swollen enlarged lymph nodes and transitory arthritis/arthralgia 1-3 weeks post MMR vaccination?
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Which syndrome occurs with maternal exposure to rubella in the first trimester and can lead to congenital anomalies?
Which syndrome occurs with maternal exposure to rubella in the first trimester and can lead to congenital anomalies?
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What type of cells give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells that make specific antibodies to eliminate the virus?
What type of cells give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells that make specific antibodies to eliminate the virus?
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Which vaccine contains a live attenuated version of the measles, mumps, and rubella viruses and stimulates the immune system without causing significant disease?
Which vaccine contains a live attenuated version of the measles, mumps, and rubella viruses and stimulates the immune system without causing significant disease?
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Which vaccine is used to protect against a rubella infection in subsequent pregnancies?
Which vaccine is used to protect against a rubella infection in subsequent pregnancies?
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Which type of vaccination introduces antibodies to the host to 'mop up' problematic antigens?
Which type of vaccination introduces antibodies to the host to 'mop up' problematic antigens?
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What is the primary risk to the pregnant person associated with primary VZV infection?
What is the primary risk to the pregnant person associated with primary VZV infection?
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What is the primary function of T-cells in active vaccination?
What is the primary function of T-cells in active vaccination?
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Which vaccine should not be administered during pregnancy?
Which vaccine should not be administered during pregnancy?
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What is the term 'Vaccination' derived from?
What is the term 'Vaccination' derived from?
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Approximately what percentage of adults may experience swollen enlarged lymph nodes and transitory arthritis/arthralgia 1-3 weeks post MMR vaccination?
Approximately what percentage of adults may experience swollen enlarged lymph nodes and transitory arthritis/arthralgia 1-3 weeks post MMR vaccination?
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What is the basis of modern immunology?
What is the basis of modern immunology?
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What type of cells do the live viruses in the MMR vaccine stimulate?
What type of cells do the live viruses in the MMR vaccine stimulate?
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Who should not be given the MMR vaccine?
Who should not be given the MMR vaccine?
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What should pregnant women exposed to varicella receive to lessen the severity of the virus?
What should pregnant women exposed to varicella receive to lessen the severity of the virus?
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What is an adverse effect of VZIG administration?
What is an adverse effect of VZIG administration?
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What do memory B and T cells do in response to the next exposure to the virus?
What do memory B and T cells do in response to the next exposure to the virus?
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What should VZIG not be given concurrently with?
What should VZIG not be given concurrently with?
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What is the primary reason the MMR vaccine should not be given to those who are pregnant or planning to be pregnant within four weeks?
What is the primary reason the MMR vaccine should not be given to those who are pregnant or planning to be pregnant within four weeks?
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What is the primary function of VZIG in passive immunity?
What is the primary function of VZIG in passive immunity?
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Which cells directly attack and kill cells displaying the epitopes of the infected cells?
Which cells directly attack and kill cells displaying the epitopes of the infected cells?
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What is the primary function of T cells in response to antigen stimulation?
What is the primary function of T cells in response to antigen stimulation?
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What is the mode of action of VZIG in providing passive immunity?
What is the mode of action of VZIG in providing passive immunity?
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What do plasma cells primarily produce?
What do plasma cells primarily produce?
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When are memory B cells available for later stimulation by the antigen?
When are memory B cells available for later stimulation by the antigen?
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What is the primary source of VZIG for artificially acquired passive immunity?
What is the primary source of VZIG for artificially acquired passive immunity?
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Which cells stimulate the immune response by releasing soluble proteins called cytokines?
Which cells stimulate the immune response by releasing soluble proteins called cytokines?
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What is the primary function of antibodies produced by plasma cells?
What is the primary function of antibodies produced by plasma cells?
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What is the primary function of B cells upon exposure to antigens?
What is the primary function of B cells upon exposure to antigens?
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What is the primary reason the MMR vaccine should not be given to those who have had serious allergic reactions to neomycin or gelatin?
What is the primary reason the MMR vaccine should not be given to those who have had serious allergic reactions to neomycin or gelatin?
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What is the primary function of Varicella-zoster virus immune globulin (VZIG) in passive immunity?
What is the primary function of Varicella-zoster virus immune globulin (VZIG) in passive immunity?
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What is the primary risk associated with a primary VZV infection in the fetus?
What is the primary risk associated with a primary VZV infection in the fetus?
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What cells are directly stimulated by the antigenic determinants or epitopes of the MMR vaccine viruses?
What cells are directly stimulated by the antigenic determinants or epitopes of the MMR vaccine viruses?
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What is the route of administration for Varicella-zoster virus immune globulin (VZIG)?
What is the route of administration for Varicella-zoster virus immune globulin (VZIG)?
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What is the term used to describe deliberately causing a mild infection with an unmodified pathogen?
What is the term used to describe deliberately causing a mild infection with an unmodified pathogen?
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Which type of vaccination introduces antibodies to the host to 'mop up' problematic antigens?
Which type of vaccination introduces antibodies to the host to 'mop up' problematic antigens?
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What is the primary risk of allergy or anaphylactic reaction if a person has an egg allergy and gets MMR vaccine?
What is the primary risk of allergy or anaphylactic reaction if a person has an egg allergy and gets MMR vaccine?
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Which cells stimulate T cells only when the epitopes are displayed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
Which cells stimulate T cells only when the epitopes are displayed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
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What stimulates the immune response by releasing soluble proteins called cytokines?
What stimulates the immune response by releasing soluble proteins called cytokines?
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What do plasma cells produce?
What do plasma cells produce?
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What is the primary mode of action of VZIG in providing passive immunity?
What is the primary mode of action of VZIG in providing passive immunity?
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What is the primary function of memory B cells?
What is the primary function of memory B cells?
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What is the primary source of VZIG for artificially acquired passive immunity?
What is the primary source of VZIG for artificially acquired passive immunity?
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What do specific helper T cells release to stimulate the immune response?
What do specific helper T cells release to stimulate the immune response?
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What attaches to a virus to inactivate it?
What attaches to a virus to inactivate it?
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What is the primary function of B cells in the immune response?
What is the primary function of B cells in the immune response?
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What do activated B cells primarily become after exposure to antigens?
What do activated B cells primarily become after exposure to antigens?
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Which synthetic glucocorticoid is classified as very potent?
Which synthetic glucocorticoid is classified as very potent?
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Which class of synthetic glucocorticoids has the mildest potency?
Which class of synthetic glucocorticoids has the mildest potency?
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What is the primary function of thyroid hormones?
What is the primary function of thyroid hormones?
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What are the two thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland?
What are the two thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland?
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What is the consequence of thyroid hormone deficiency during fetal development?
What is the consequence of thyroid hormone deficiency during fetal development?
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Which synthetic glucocorticoid is classified as potent?
Which synthetic glucocorticoid is classified as potent?
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Which class of synthetic glucocorticoids has the greatest potency?
Which class of synthetic glucocorticoids has the greatest potency?
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What is the essential role of thyroid hormones during fetal development?
What is the essential role of thyroid hormones during fetal development?
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Which synthetic glucocorticoid is classified as moderate in potency?
Which synthetic glucocorticoid is classified as moderate in potency?
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What is the primary cause of hypothyroidism?
What is the primary cause of hypothyroidism?
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What is the hormone released in response to low T3 and T4 levels?
What is the hormone released in response to low T3 and T4 levels?
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What is the main use of thyroxine as a drug?
What is the main use of thyroxine as a drug?
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What is the effect of untreated maternal hypothyroidism on offspring?
What is the effect of untreated maternal hypothyroidism on offspring?
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At what stage of gestation does the fetus rely upon maternal thyroid hormone?
At what stage of gestation does the fetus rely upon maternal thyroid hormone?
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What percentage of people are estimated to be hypothyroidal?
What percentage of people are estimated to be hypothyroidal?
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What is the role of T4 in the body?
What is the role of T4 in the body?
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What hormone is released when T3 and T4 are low and TRH is high?
What hormone is released when T3 and T4 are low and TRH is high?
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What is the usual cause of hypothyroidism?
What is the usual cause of hypothyroidism?
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What is the hypothyroidal state associated with?
What is the hypothyroidal state associated with?
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Which synthetic glucocorticoid is classified as very potent?
Which synthetic glucocorticoid is classified as very potent?
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What is the primary function of the thyroid hormones?
What is the primary function of the thyroid hormones?
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Which synthetic glucocorticoid is classified as mild?
Which synthetic glucocorticoid is classified as mild?
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What are the thyroid hormones essentially iodinated forms of?
What are the thyroid hormones essentially iodinated forms of?
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Which class of synthetic glucocorticoids has greater efficacy than cortisol?
Which class of synthetic glucocorticoids has greater efficacy than cortisol?
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What is the essential function of the thyroid hormones during fetal development?
What is the essential function of the thyroid hormones during fetal development?
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Which synthetic glucocorticoid is classified as potent?
Which synthetic glucocorticoid is classified as potent?
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What is the primary reason newborns are screened for congenital hypothyroidism?
What is the primary reason newborns are screened for congenital hypothyroidism?
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Which class of synthetic glucocorticoids is up to 25 times as potent as hydrocortisone?
Which class of synthetic glucocorticoids is up to 25 times as potent as hydrocortisone?
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Which hormone is released in response to low T3 and T4 and high TRH?
Which hormone is released in response to low T3 and T4 and high TRH?
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What is the main use of thyroxine as a drug?
What is the main use of thyroxine as a drug?
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What is the usual cause of hypothyroidism?
What is the usual cause of hypothyroidism?
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What is the consequence of untreated maternal hypothyroidism on offspring?
What is the consequence of untreated maternal hypothyroidism on offspring?
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What is the role of T4 in the body?
What is the role of T4 in the body?
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What is the estimated percentage of people who are hypothyroidal?
What is the estimated percentage of people who are hypothyroidal?
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What is the impact of hypothyroidism on pregnancy?
What is the impact of hypothyroidism on pregnancy?
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What is the function of T3 in the body?
What is the function of T3 in the body?
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What is the fetal reliance on maternal thyroid hormone during gestation?
What is the fetal reliance on maternal thyroid hormone during gestation?
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What is the effect of hypothyroidism on offspring when it occurs later in pregnancy or if the mother is only mildly hypothyroidal?
What is the effect of hypothyroidism on offspring when it occurs later in pregnancy or if the mother is only mildly hypothyroidal?
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Study Notes
Immunology of Active Vaccination
- Active vaccination stimulates the immune system to protect against subsequent encounters with infectious agents.
- Vaccines work by stimulating B and T cells of the immune system, creating a lineage of long-term memory cells that can fight subsequent infection.
- Active vaccination can be achieved with live attenuated organisms, killed organisms, purified components of organisms (epitopes), or their toxins.
- B-cells recognize epitopes on the virus in the vaccine, activate, and give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells that make specific antibodies to eliminate the virus.
- T-cells recognize epitopes on the virus in the vaccine, become activated, and become cytotoxic cells and memory T cells.
- Cytotoxic T cells directly attack and kill cells displaying the epitopes of the infected cells.
- Passive vaccination introduces antibodies to the host to "mop up" problematic antigens.
- Vaccines like Hepatitis B immune globulin, Hepatitis B vaccine, Measles-mumps-rubella virus vaccine (MMR), RhD Immune globulin, and Varicella Zoster immune globulin are used.
- The MMR vaccine is offered in the immediate post-partum for people with low or no rubella antibodies to protect against a rubella infection in subsequent pregnancies.
- Congenital Rubella Syndrome occurs with maternal exposure to rubella in the first trimester and can lead to congenital anomalies.
- The measles vaccine contains a live attenuated version of the measles, mumps, and rubella viruses and stimulates the immune system without causing significant disease.
- Rubella immunization should not be administered during pregnancy, but in very rare instances, it is not associated with an increase in the rate of birth defects if received during pregnancy.
Immunology of Active Vaccination
- Active vaccination stimulates the immune system to protect against subsequent encounters with infectious agents.
- Vaccines work by stimulating B and T cells of the immune system, creating a lineage of long-term memory cells that can fight subsequent infection.
- Active vaccination can be achieved with live attenuated organisms, killed organisms, purified components of organisms (epitopes), or their toxins.
- B-cells recognize epitopes on the virus in the vaccine, activate, and give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells that make specific antibodies to eliminate the virus.
- T-cells recognize epitopes on the virus in the vaccine, become activated, and become cytotoxic cells and memory T cells.
- Cytotoxic T cells directly attack and kill cells displaying the epitopes of the infected cells.
- Passive vaccination introduces antibodies to the host to "mop up" problematic antigens.
- Vaccines like Hepatitis B immune globulin, Hepatitis B vaccine, Measles-mumps-rubella virus vaccine (MMR), RhD Immune globulin, and Varicella Zoster immune globulin are used.
- The MMR vaccine is offered in the immediate post-partum for people with low or no rubella antibodies to protect against a rubella infection in subsequent pregnancies.
- Congenital Rubella Syndrome occurs with maternal exposure to rubella in the first trimester and can lead to congenital anomalies.
- The measles vaccine contains a live attenuated version of the measles, mumps, and rubella viruses and stimulates the immune system without causing significant disease.
- Rubella immunization should not be administered during pregnancy, but in very rare instances, it is not associated with an increase in the rate of birth defects if received during pregnancy.
Immunology of Active Vaccination
- Active vaccination stimulates the immune system to protect against subsequent encounters with infectious agents.
- Vaccines work by stimulating B and T cells of the immune system, creating a lineage of long-term memory cells that can fight subsequent infection.
- Active vaccination can be achieved with live attenuated organisms, killed organisms, purified components of organisms (epitopes), or their toxins.
- B-cells recognize epitopes on the virus in the vaccine, activate, and give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells that make specific antibodies to eliminate the virus.
- T-cells recognize epitopes on the virus in the vaccine, become activated, and become cytotoxic cells and memory T cells.
- Cytotoxic T cells directly attack and kill cells displaying the epitopes of the infected cells.
- Passive vaccination introduces antibodies to the host to "mop up" problematic antigens.
- Vaccines like Hepatitis B immune globulin, Hepatitis B vaccine, Measles-mumps-rubella virus vaccine (MMR), RhD Immune globulin, and Varicella Zoster immune globulin are used.
- The MMR vaccine is offered in the immediate post-partum for people with low or no rubella antibodies to protect against a rubella infection in subsequent pregnancies.
- Congenital Rubella Syndrome occurs with maternal exposure to rubella in the first trimester and can lead to congenital anomalies.
- The measles vaccine contains a live attenuated version of the measles, mumps, and rubella viruses and stimulates the immune system without causing significant disease.
- Rubella immunization should not be administered during pregnancy, but in very rare instances, it is not associated with an increase in the rate of birth defects if received during pregnancy.
Immunology of Active Vaccination
- Active vaccination stimulates the immune system to protect against subsequent encounters with infectious agents.
- Vaccines work by stimulating B and T cells of the immune system, creating a lineage of long-term memory cells that can fight subsequent infection.
- Active vaccination can be achieved with live attenuated organisms, killed organisms, purified components of organisms (epitopes), or their toxins.
- B-cells recognize epitopes on the virus in the vaccine, activate, and give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells that make specific antibodies to eliminate the virus.
- T-cells recognize epitopes on the virus in the vaccine, become activated, and become cytotoxic cells and memory T cells.
- Cytotoxic T cells directly attack and kill cells displaying the epitopes of the infected cells.
- Passive vaccination introduces antibodies to the host to "mop up" problematic antigens.
- Vaccines like Hepatitis B immune globulin, Hepatitis B vaccine, Measles-mumps-rubella virus vaccine (MMR), RhD Immune globulin, and Varicella Zoster immune globulin are used.
- The MMR vaccine is offered in the immediate post-partum for people with low or no rubella antibodies to protect against a rubella infection in subsequent pregnancies.
- Congenital Rubella Syndrome occurs with maternal exposure to rubella in the first trimester and can lead to congenital anomalies.
- The measles vaccine contains a live attenuated version of the measles, mumps, and rubella viruses and stimulates the immune system without causing significant disease.
- Rubella immunization should not be administered during pregnancy, but in very rare instances, it is not associated with an increase in the rate of birth defects if received during pregnancy.
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Test your knowledge about the immunology of active vaccination with this quiz. Explore how vaccines stimulate the immune system, the role of B and T cells, different types of active vaccination, and the use of passive vaccination. Delve into specific vaccines like Hepatitis B, MMR, and their implications for pregnancy.
