Week 11
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following substances can disrupt the cell membrane?

  • Sugars
  • Alcohols (correct)
  • Vitamins
  • Proteins

Standard precautions include patient placement as a method to prevent infection spread.

True (A)

What should all blood and bodily fluids be treated as in a healthcare setting?

infectious

____ agents will disrupt and destroy DNA/RNA.

<p>Alkylating</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following infection control methods with their descriptions:

<p>Hand washing = A critical practice to prevent infection spread Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) = Protective gear worn to reduce exposure risk Cleaning of Patient Care Equipment = Involves sanitizing items used for patient care Transmission Based Precautions = Used alongside standard precautions for patients with known infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of sterilization in healthcare?

<p>Remove all microorganisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacteriostatic agents kill bacteria completely.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one chemical method used for controlling microbial growth.

<p>Disinfectants or antiseptics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Autoclaving is a method of __________ that uses moist heat to kill spores.

<p>sterilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a physical method of microbial control?

<p>Disinfection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following methods of microbial control with their descriptions:

<p>Moist Heat = Uses steam and pressure to sterilize Dry Heat = Used to sterilize glassware and metals Radiation = Uses energy to damage microbial DNA Filtration = Removes microbes from liquids or air</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antimicrobial agents can only kill bacteria.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between disinfectants and antiseptics?

<p>Disinfectants are used on inanimate objects, whereas antiseptics are used on living tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of pasteurization?

<p>To kill pathogens in liquids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freezing food completely stops the growth of all microorganisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one physical method of antimicrobial control that uses heat.

<p>Pasteurization or Ultra High Temperatures (UHT).</p> Signup and view all the answers

_______ pressure uses high concentrations of solute to dehydrate microorganisms.

<p>Osmotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following antimicrobial agents with their actions:

<p>Alcohols = Denature proteins Chlorhexidine = Disrupt cell membranes Aldehydes = Inhibit protein synthesis Phenol = Lyse cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which temperature is typically used in the flash pasteurization method?

<p>71.6°C for 15 seconds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Desiccation involves the removal of water to stop all chemical reactions in a cell.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do ultra-high temperatures (UHT) have on microorganisms?

<p>It sterilizes liquids by exposing them to high temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

________ is a common chemical antimicrobial that denatures proteins and disrupts the cell wall.

<p>Alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ionizing radiation in microbial control?

<p>Removes electrons from atoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pasteurization

A method of quickly heating and cooling liquids to kill pathogens, but not sterilize.

Ultra-High Temperature (UHT)

A method of heating liquids to very high temperatures to achieve sterilization.

Refrigeration

Storing food at low temperatures (5°C) to slow microbial growth.

Freezing

Storing food at very low temperatures (-10°C or below) to significantly slow microbial growth.

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Freeze-drying

A method of preserving food by removing moisture from frozen food.

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Drying (Desiccation)

Removing water from a food product to inhibit microbial growth and activity.

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Ionizing Radiation

High-energy radiation used to sterilize by removing electrons from microorganisms.

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UV Radiation

Radiation that damages the DNA of microorganisms, preventing their survival.

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Filtration

A method of sterilization that passes a substance through a filter with small pores to trap microorganisms.

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Osmotic Pressure

Using high concentrations of solute in a solution to dehydrate and kill microorganisms by removing water from inside cells.

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Sterilization

Completely removing all microorganisms from a material or object.

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Disinfection

Reducing disease-causing organisms on a surface or material.

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Antimicrobial Agents

Substances that reduce or kill microbes, covering bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

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Bactericidal

Killing bacteria. Requires high concentration of antimicrobial agent.

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Bacteriostatic

Stopping bacteria growth. Requires lower concentration.

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Moist Heat Sterilization

High-temperature sterilization utilizing moisture and pressure, like autoclaving.

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Dry Heat Sterilization

High-temperature sterilization in an oven used for materials like glassware and metals requiring long exposure.

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Critical Items (Healthcare)

Medical devices touching sterile body tissues/fluids requiring sterilization to prevent disease transmission.

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Cell Membrane Target

Chemical agents can interfere with the cell membrane by disrupting its phospholipid structure or inactivating enzymes that rely on the membrane.

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DNA/RNA Disruption

Alkylating agents are chemicals that can damage and destroy DNA and RNA, hindering essential cell processes.

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Cell Wall Inhibition

Certain chemicals, like lactic acid and propionic acid, can interfere with cell wall formation, primarily in bacteria, by inhibiting fermentation and ATP production.

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Standard Precautions

Standard precautions are a set of infection control guidelines that are applied to all patients, regardless of their diagnosis. They aim to protect healthcare workers and prevent the spread of infections.

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Transmission Based Precautions

These precautions are used in addition to standard precautions when a patient has a known or suspected infection. They are designed to prevent the spread of specific pathogens.

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Study Notes

Microbiology Unit 6: Microbial Control

  • AHHG2010 is the course code for Microbiology.
  • Unit 6 covers Microbial Control.
  • Methods of microbial control include heat sterilization, filtration, radiation.
  • Heat sterilization includes dry heat (incineration), moist heat (boiling, autoclaving, pasteurization).
  • Other methods include radiation (UV light, ionizing radiation).
  • Terminology:
    • Antimicrobial action: Any method to control microbial growth.
    • Sterilization: Removal of all microorganisms from a material or object. No living organisms remain.
    • Disinfection: Reducing pathogenic organisms on a surface or material, lowering disease risk.
    • Antimicrobial agents: Substances that reduce or kill microbes (bacteria, fungi, viruses).
    • Disinfectants: Applied to inanimate objects to disinfect.
    • Antiseptics: Applied to living tissue to disinfect.
    • Bactericidal: Kills bacteria, requires high concentration of antimicrobial. Example: bactericidal soap
    • Bacteriostatic: Stops bacteria growth, requires low concentration. Example: bacteriostatic cleaner (Lysol).

Sterilization and Healthcare

  • Sterilization is critical for medical devices touching sterile body tissues or fluids.
  • Microbial contamination in these cases can cause disease transmission.
  • Sterilization should be applied in pharmacy, dental hygiene, and respiratory therapy settings.

Antimicrobial Agents

  • Microbial control uses physical and chemical methods.
  • Choosing the method depends on the microorganism type and material being treated (e.g., skin, steel, glass, fabric, food, water).

Physical Antimicrobial Methods

  • Heat: Dry heat, moist heat (boiling, autoclaving, pasteurization, ultra high temperature), cold (refrigeration, freezing, freeze drying).
  • Radiation: Ionizing (X-rays, gamma rays), non-ionizing (UV light).
  • Filtration: Removing microorganisms by passing a substance through a filter.
  • Osmotic pressure: Using high solute concentrations to dehydrate cells, halting growth.

Chemical Antimicrobials

  • Chemical sterilization relies on various agents.
    • Alcohols, aldehydes: Denature proteins.
    • Chlorhexidine, organic acids: Inhibit microbial growth.
    • Phenol and quaternary ammonium compounds: Denature proteins.
  • There are multiple cell components impacted by chemical agents.
    • Nucleic acids.
    • Cell wall formation: Lactic/propionic inhibit fermentation as they prevent ATP production.

Infection Control

  • Standard Precautions:
    • Use common sense, PPE to prevent spread.
  • Transmission-Based Precautions: Used with known or suspected infections
  • Hand washing, PPE, cleaning patient areas, dealing with sharps, and patient placement are vital in infection control.

Prevention of Bloodborne Pathogens

  • Precautions for Hepatitis B, C, and HIV in healthcare settings.
  • PPE (gloves, face shields, pocket mask) should be used with blood and bodily fluids treated as infectious.
  • Counseling, awareness, and education about bloodborne pathogens are essential.

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Microbiology Unit 6: Microbial Control PDF

Description

Explore the key methods of microbial control in this quiz, including heat sterilization, filtration, and radiation. Learn essential terminology such as sterilization, disinfection, and antimicrobial agents. Test your understanding of the concepts that reduce microbial growth and protect against pathogens.

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