60 Questions
Which of the following is a cardinal sign of asthma?
Reversible airway obstruction
What percentage of the Australian population has asthma?
10%
What is the most common risk factor for asthma?
Having a family history of asthma
What is the mucociliary escalator?
A mechanism that clears mucus from the airways
What is the prevalence of asthma in children aged 0-14 years?
10%
What is the most common cause of asthma in childhood?
Exposure to allergens
What was the total number of deaths due to asthma in Australia in 2017?
441
What are the cardinal signs of COPD?
Narrowing of small airways and airflow limitation
What is the prevalence of COPD in Australia?
~5.1%
What is the role of physiotherapy in the acute phase of asthma?
Nil/minimal
What is the cause of hypoxaemia in asthma?
V/Q mismatch
What is the newer, more accurate definition of COPD?
Chronic inflammation
What is the fifth leading cause of death in Australia according to AIHW 2018?
COPD
What are the symptoms of asthma?
Shortness of breath and wheeze
What is the main cause of airway obstruction in asthma?
Bronchospasm
Which cells are involved in the immune response in asthma?
Lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells
What is the function of the mucociliary escalator in healthy lungs?
To move debris from airways to glottis
What is the effect of inflammation on the airway walls in asthma?
Increased extracellular fluid
What is the consequence of air trapping in asthma?
Impaired gas exchange
What is the role of chemical mediators in airway irritation in asthma?
To cause bronchoconstriction
What is the effect of fibrosis on airway function in asthma?
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
Which inflammatory cells are specific to COPD and differ from asthma?
CD8 cells
What is the hallmark of COPD?
Air trapping
What is the primary risk of infection for COPD patients?
Influenza and pneumonia
What are the common symptoms of COPD?
Dyspnea and wheeze
What is the gold standard for diagnosing COPD?
Spirometry
What is the prevalence of pneumonia in Australia?
~5.1%
What is the primary cause of pneumonia?
Viral infection
What are the different types of pneumonia based on location?
Lobar, bronchial, and segmental
What are the different classifications of respiratory infections?
Upper respiratory and lower respiratory
What is the primary mode of transmission for COVID-19?
Airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing
What is the primary cause of severe COVID-19 symptoms?
Excessive release of cytokines
What percentage of COVID-19 cases are asymptomatic or mild?
80-85%
What is the primary medical management for mild COVID-19 cases?
Analgesics
What is the primary symptom of bronchiectasis?
Shortness of breath
What is the role of physiotherapy in severe cases of pneumonia?
Mobilisation and airway clearance techniques
Which of the following is the most common cause of bronchiectasis?
Idiopathic
What is the primary symptom of bronchiectasis?
Persistent cough with excess sputum
What is the estimated prevalence of bronchiectasis in Indigenous Australians?
1400/100,000
What is the gold standard imaging for diagnosing bronchiectasis?
CT scan
When should specialist referral be recommended for bronchiectasis?
All of the above
What is the primary cause of irreversible airway dilatation in bronchiectasis?
Chronic inflammation
What are the four stages of pneumonia (macroscopic)?
Congestion, Red Hepatisation, Grey Hepatisation, Resolution
What is the primary cause of pneumonia?
Infiltration of pulmonary parenchyma by pathogen
What are the signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
Cough, sputum production, hypoxia
What are the potential complications of pneumonia?
Pleural effusion, empyema, lung abscess
What is the role of physiotherapy in the management of pneumonia?
Minimal role in early phases, mobilisation only
What is the hallmark symptom of pneumonia?
Cough
Which chromosome is affected in Cystic Fibrosis?
Chromosome 7
What is the most common CFTR mutation?
∆F508
What is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in Cystic Fibrosis?
Lung disease
What is the prevalence of Cystic Fibrosis in Australia?
1 in 2500 live births
What is the definitive diagnostic test for Cystic Fibrosis?
Sweat test
What is the primary cause of airway obstruction in Cystic Fibrosis?
Thick mucous layer
What is a common symptom of CF?
Productive cough with thick, sticky mucous
What are some complications of CF?
Musculoskeletal problems
What is the medical management for CF?
Pancreatic enzyme therapy
What is the role of physiotherapy in CF management?
To perform airway clearance techniques
What is the recommended management for bronchitis during an acute episode?
No active chest Rx
What is the recommended ongoing management for CF and bronchiectasis?
Exercise and airway clearance techniques based on severity of disorder
Study Notes
Asthma
- Approximately 10% of the Australian population has asthma.
- Wheezing is a cardinal sign of asthma.
COPD
- The prevalence of COPD in Australia is approximately 7.5%.
- Shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing are cardinal signs of COPD.
Respiratory Infections
- Pneumonia is the fifth leading cause of death in Australia according to AIHW 2018.
- The primary cause of pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae.
- Pneumonia can be classified as community-acquired, hospital-acquired, or healthcare-associated.
- The gold standard for diagnosing pneumonia is a chest X-ray.
COVID-19
- The primary mode of transmission for COVID-19 is through respiratory droplets.
- The primary cause of severe COVID-19 symptoms is cytokine storm.
- Approximately 80% of COVID-19 cases are asymptomatic or mild.
- The primary medical management for mild COVID-19 cases is supportive care.
Bronchiectasis
- The primary symptom of bronchiectasis is a chronic cough with mucopurulent sputum.
- The most common cause of bronchiectasis is pulmonary infections.
- The estimated prevalence of bronchiectasis in Indigenous Australians is 1 in 250.
- High-resolution CT scan is the gold standard imaging for diagnosing bronchiectasis.
- Specialist referral is recommended for bronchiectasis if there is no response to treatment or if there are signs of complications.
Cystic Fibrosis
- Cystic Fibrosis is caused by a mutation in the CFTR gene on chromosome 7.
- The most common CFTR mutation is delta F508.
- The primary cause of morbidity and mortality in Cystic Fibrosis is respiratory failure.
- The prevalence of Cystic Fibrosis in Australia is approximately 1 in 2,500.
- The definitive diagnostic test for Cystic Fibrosis is a sweat test.
- The primary cause of airway obstruction in Cystic Fibrosis is thick, viscous mucus.
- A common symptom of CF is persistent and recurring lung infections.
- Complications of CF include malnutrition, diabetes, and liver disease.
- Medical management for CF includes antibiotics, bronchodilators, and mucolytics.
- Physiotherapy plays a crucial role in CF management, including airway clearance techniques.
Test your knowledge on asthma symptoms, V/Q mismatch, impaired gas exchange, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia with this quiz. Learn about the role of physiotherapy in managing asthma and the timing of medications.
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