Week 11 Respiratory diseases
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a cardinal sign of asthma?

  • Joint pain
  • Blurred vision
  • Reversible airway obstruction (correct)
  • Fever

    • What percentage of the Australian population has asthma?

  • 15%
  • 10% (correct)
  • 1%
  • 5%

    • What is the most common risk factor for asthma?

  • Living in urban areas
  • Being female
  • High income
  • Having a family history of asthma (correct)

    • What is the mucociliary escalator?

    <p>A mechanism that clears mucus from the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of asthma in children aged 0-14 years?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of asthma in childhood?

    <p>Exposure to allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the total number of deaths due to asthma in Australia in 2017?

    <p>441</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cardinal signs of COPD?

    <p>Narrowing of small airways and airflow limitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of COPD in Australia?

    <p>~5.1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of physiotherapy in the acute phase of asthma?

    <p>Nil/minimal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of hypoxaemia in asthma?

    <p>V/Q mismatch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the newer, more accurate definition of COPD?

    <p>Chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fifth leading cause of death in Australia according to AIHW 2018?

    <p>COPD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of asthma?

    <p>Shortness of breath and wheeze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of airway obstruction in asthma?

    <p>Bronchospasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are involved in the immune response in asthma?

    <p>Lymphocytes, eosinophils, and mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mucociliary escalator in healthy lungs?

    <p>To move debris from airways to glottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of inflammation on the airway walls in asthma?

    <p>Increased extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of air trapping in asthma?

    <p>Impaired gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chemical mediators in airway irritation in asthma?

    <p>To cause bronchoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of fibrosis on airway function in asthma?

    <p>Bronchial hyperresponsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inflammatory cells are specific to COPD and differ from asthma?

    <p>CD8 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark of COPD?

    <p>Air trapping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk of infection for COPD patients?

    <p>Influenza and pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common symptoms of COPD?

    <p>Dyspnea and wheeze</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gold standard for diagnosing COPD?

    <p>Spirometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of pneumonia in Australia?

    <p>~5.1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of pneumonia?

    <p>Viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different types of pneumonia based on location?

    <p>Lobar, bronchial, and segmental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different classifications of respiratory infections?

    <p>Upper respiratory and lower respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for COVID-19?

    <p>Airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of severe COVID-19 symptoms?

    <p>Excessive release of cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of COVID-19 cases are asymptomatic or mild?

    <p>80-85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary medical management for mild COVID-19 cases?

    <p>Analgesics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of bronchiectasis?

    <p>Shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of physiotherapy in severe cases of pneumonia?

    <p>Mobilisation and airway clearance techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common cause of bronchiectasis?

    <p>Idiopathic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of bronchiectasis?

    <p>Persistent cough with excess sputum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated prevalence of bronchiectasis in Indigenous Australians?

    <p>1400/100,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gold standard imaging for diagnosing bronchiectasis?

    <p>CT scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should specialist referral be recommended for bronchiectasis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of irreversible airway dilatation in bronchiectasis?

    <p>Chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four stages of pneumonia (macroscopic)?

    <p>Congestion, Red Hepatisation, Grey Hepatisation, Resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of pneumonia?

    <p>Infiltration of pulmonary parenchyma by pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the signs and symptoms of pneumonia?

    <p>Cough, sputum production, hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential complications of pneumonia?

    <p>Pleural effusion, empyema, lung abscess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of physiotherapy in the management of pneumonia?

    <p>Minimal role in early phases, mobilisation only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark symptom of pneumonia?

    <p>Cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromosome is affected in Cystic Fibrosis?

    <p>Chromosome 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common CFTR mutation?

    <p>∆F508</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in Cystic Fibrosis?

    <p>Lung disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of Cystic Fibrosis in Australia?

    <p>1 in 2500 live births</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definitive diagnostic test for Cystic Fibrosis?

    <p>Sweat test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of airway obstruction in Cystic Fibrosis?

    <p>Thick mucous layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of CF?

    <p>Productive cough with thick, sticky mucous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some complications of CF?

    <p>Musculoskeletal problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical management for CF?

    <p>Pancreatic enzyme therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of physiotherapy in CF management?

    <p>To perform airway clearance techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended management for bronchitis during an acute episode?

    <p>No active chest Rx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended ongoing management for CF and bronchiectasis?

    <p>Exercise and airway clearance techniques based on severity of disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Asthma

    • Approximately 10% of the Australian population has asthma.
    • Wheezing is a cardinal sign of asthma.

    COPD

    • The prevalence of COPD in Australia is approximately 7.5%.
    • Shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing are cardinal signs of COPD.

    Respiratory Infections

    • Pneumonia is the fifth leading cause of death in Australia according to AIHW 2018.
    • The primary cause of pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae.
    • Pneumonia can be classified as community-acquired, hospital-acquired, or healthcare-associated.
    • The gold standard for diagnosing pneumonia is a chest X-ray.

    COVID-19

    • The primary mode of transmission for COVID-19 is through respiratory droplets.
    • The primary cause of severe COVID-19 symptoms is cytokine storm.
    • Approximately 80% of COVID-19 cases are asymptomatic or mild.
    • The primary medical management for mild COVID-19 cases is supportive care.

    Bronchiectasis

    • The primary symptom of bronchiectasis is a chronic cough with mucopurulent sputum.
    • The most common cause of bronchiectasis is pulmonary infections.
    • The estimated prevalence of bronchiectasis in Indigenous Australians is 1 in 250.
    • High-resolution CT scan is the gold standard imaging for diagnosing bronchiectasis.
    • Specialist referral is recommended for bronchiectasis if there is no response to treatment or if there are signs of complications.

    Cystic Fibrosis

    • Cystic Fibrosis is caused by a mutation in the CFTR gene on chromosome 7.
    • The most common CFTR mutation is delta F508.
    • The primary cause of morbidity and mortality in Cystic Fibrosis is respiratory failure.
    • The prevalence of Cystic Fibrosis in Australia is approximately 1 in 2,500.
    • The definitive diagnostic test for Cystic Fibrosis is a sweat test.
    • The primary cause of airway obstruction in Cystic Fibrosis is thick, viscous mucus.
    • A common symptom of CF is persistent and recurring lung infections.
    • Complications of CF include malnutrition, diabetes, and liver disease.
    • Medical management for CF includes antibiotics, bronchodilators, and mucolytics.
    • Physiotherapy plays a crucial role in CF management, including airway clearance techniques.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on asthma symptoms, V/Q mismatch, impaired gas exchange, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia with this quiz. Learn about the role of physiotherapy in managing asthma and the timing of medications.

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