Immunology Mechanisms Overview

Which immunoglobulin isotype does not switch its heavy chain to become another isotype?

IgA

IgM

IgE

IgD (correct)

What activation factor differentiates naive B cells into IgA-expressing B cells?

TGF-ß (correct)

IL-1

IL-2

IL-22

How does IgA protect itself from degradation in mucosal fluid?

Protected by other complement proteins

Indeed, all of these options

Gain additional hypermutation

Associated with poly-Ig protein (correct)

What mechanism do CD8+ T cells use to recognize virus-infected cells?

Antigen peptide on class-I MHC Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of CD40 activation in antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

Full activation Signup and view all the answers

What process do B cells undergo to increase the affinity maturation of immunoglobulins?

Hypersomatic mutation Signup and view all the answers

How do Tfh cells migrate toward follicular tissue to activate B cells?

Chemokine gradients Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of IgE in the immune response?

Binds to mast cells and basophils Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the switching of immunoglobulin heavy chains?

Activation-induced deaminase (AID) Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific role of activation-induced deaminase (AID) during H-chain switching?

Convert nucleotide C to U and cleavage Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin isotype is crucial for the elimination of helminths?

IgE Signup and view all the answers

What role does CD8+ T cell play in increasing the number of antigen-specific clones compared to CD4+ T cells during infection?

Sufficiently kill infected cells Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for removing nucleotides from VDJ recombinant in junctional diversity?

Exonuclease Signup and view all the answers

What process do B cells undergo to enhance affinity maturation of immunoglobulin?

Hypersomatic mutation Signup and view all the answers

Which immune component is responsible for neutralizing microbes and their toxins?

Immunoglobulins Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor is involved in the expression of CD28 in T cell activation?

CD40L Signup and view all the answers

What is the action mechanism of activation-induced deaminase (AID) in H-chain switching?

Convert nucleotide C to U and cleavage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of CD40 activation in antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

Full activation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ubiquitin in the class-MHC pathway?

Tag and transport proteins to proteasome Signup and view all the answers

Which cytotoxic molecule is secreted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill virus-infected cells?

Granzyme Signup and view all the answers

Why can IgG survive longer compared to other immunoglobulin isotypes?

Strong Fc domains Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme plays a key role in immunoglobulin H-chain switching?

Activation-induced deaminase (AID) Signup and view all the answers

During infection, why do antigen-specific clones of CD8+ T cells increase in number more than CD4+ T cells?

Directly kill infected cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the function of MHC molecules?

Present antigen peptides to T cells Signup and view all the answers

How do neonates primarily protect themselves from infections?

Acquire antibodies from maternal sources Signup and view all the answers

Which Ig isotype is produced through T-independent activation of B cells?

IgM Signup and view all the answers

What factor must activate naive B cells to differentiate into IgA-expressing B cells?

TGF-ß Signup and view all the answers

Which type of T helper cell is important in selecting specific Ig-producing B cells in the germinal center?

Th2 cell Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic allows IgG to survive longer compared to other Ig isotypes?

Undergoes affinity maturation Signup and view all the answers

What role do the complement proteins C3a and C5a play in the immune response?

They promote inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which cytotoxic molecule do cytotoxic T lymphocytes secrete to eliminate virus-infected cells?

Granzyme B Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor complex is primarily involved in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns?

Toll-like receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the enzyme Ligas during VDJ recombination?

Repair the broken DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which B cell subset is specifically involved in somatic hypermutation?

Follicular B cells Signup and view all the answers

How do CD8+ T cells primarily differ in their effector function from CD4+ Th cells?

Kill virus-infected cells Signup and view all the answers

What role does ubiquitin play in the class-MHC pathway?

Tag and transport protein to proteasome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of forming the membrane attack complex (MAC) during complement activation?

Lysis of microbes Signup and view all the answers

What action mechanism is performed by activation-induced deaminase (AID) during heavy chain switching?

Convert nucleotide C to U and cleavage Signup and view all the answers

Among the five immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes, which one does NOT switch its heavy chain to become another Ig isotype?

IgD Signup and view all the answers

Immunology Mechanisms Overview

Questions and Answers

Which immunoglobulin isotype does not switch its heavy chain to become another isotype?

What activation factor differentiates naive B cells into IgA-expressing B cells?

How does IgA protect itself from degradation in mucosal fluid?

What mechanism do CD8+ T cells use to recognize virus-infected cells?

What is the primary role of CD40 activation in antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

What process do B cells undergo to increase the affinity maturation of immunoglobulins?

How do Tfh cells migrate toward follicular tissue to activate B cells?

What is a key feature of IgE in the immune response?

Which mechanism is primarily responsible for the switching of immunoglobulin heavy chains?

What is the specific role of activation-induced deaminase (AID) during H-chain switching?

Which immunoglobulin isotype is crucial for the elimination of helminths?

What role does CD8+ T cell play in increasing the number of antigen-specific clones compared to CD4+ T cells during infection?

Which enzyme is responsible for removing nucleotides from VDJ recombinant in junctional diversity?

What process do B cells undergo to enhance affinity maturation of immunoglobulin?

Which immune component is responsible for neutralizing microbes and their toxins?

Which receptor is involved in the expression of CD28 in T cell activation?

What is the action mechanism of activation-induced deaminase (AID) in H-chain switching?

What is the primary role of CD40 activation in antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

What is the role of ubiquitin in the class-MHC pathway?

Which cytotoxic molecule is secreted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill virus-infected cells?

Why can IgG survive longer compared to other immunoglobulin isotypes?

Which enzyme plays a key role in immunoglobulin H-chain switching?

During infection, why do antigen-specific clones of CD8+ T cells increase in number more than CD4+ T cells?

Which of the following describes the function of MHC molecules?

How do neonates primarily protect themselves from infections?

Which Ig isotype is produced through T-independent activation of B cells?

What factor must activate naive B cells to differentiate into IgA-expressing B cells?

Which type of T helper cell is important in selecting specific Ig-producing B cells in the germinal center?

What characteristic allows IgG to survive longer compared to other Ig isotypes?

What role do the complement proteins C3a and C5a play in the immune response?

Which cytotoxic molecule do cytotoxic T lymphocytes secrete to eliminate virus-infected cells?

Which receptor complex is primarily involved in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns?

What is the primary function of the enzyme Ligas during VDJ recombination?

Which B cell subset is specifically involved in somatic hypermutation?

How do CD8+ T cells primarily differ in their effector function from CD4+ Th cells?

What role does ubiquitin play in the class-MHC pathway?

What is the primary purpose of forming the membrane attack complex (MAC) during complement activation?

What action mechanism is performed by activation-induced deaminase (AID) during heavy chain switching?

Among the five immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes, which one does NOT switch its heavy chain to become another Ig isotype?

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