39 Questions
What is the role of cytokines in cellular processes?
Regulating gene expression in target cells
Which molecule interacts with CD80 and CD86 on APCs to provide a second signal for T cell activation?
CD28
What happens if an antigen-presenting cell presents a self-antigen to a T cell without providing costimulatory signals?
The T cell becomes tolerant to the self-antigen
Which scenario accurately describes the importance of costimulatory signals in T cell activation?
In the absence of costimulatory signals, T cell activation may not occur
Which protein is expressed on the surface of T cells and is crucial for providing a second signal for T cell activation?
CD28
What is the role of cytokines in cellular processes?
Regulate gene expression in target cells
Which molecule is crucial for T cell activation and expressed on the surface of T cells?
CD28
How does APC activation by microbes lead to T cell survival and proliferation?
Increasing costimulator expression
Which molecule is responsible for enhancing the effector functions of T cells, such as survival and proliferation?
IL-2
What happens when an APC presents a self-antigen to a T cell without providing costimulatory signals?
The T cell becomes tolerant to the self-antigen
What is the primary function of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in immune responses?
Promote T cell survival
Which cells primarily produce interleukin-2 (IL-2) during immune responses?
CD4+ helper T cells
What is the main function of costimulatory signals in APC-T cell interactions?
Enhance effector T cell differentiation
Which process leads to APC activation in response to microbial products?
Antigen presentation
What is the role of IL-2 signaling through its receptor (IL-2R) in T cell responses against pathogens?
Promoting T cell survival and expansion
What is the role of CD28 in T cell activation?
It facilitates the interaction between TCR and antigen peptide.
Which cytokine milieu and signals received during T cell activation determine the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into subsets like Th1, Th2, Th17, or Treg cells?
IL-6
Which of the following is a key function of effector T cells?
Effector cell differentiation
What is the primary role of costimulatory molecules like CD80/CD86 in T cell activation?
Enhancing the interaction between T cells and APCs
During which phase of T cell activation do activated T cells undergo rapid proliferation?
Clonal expansion
Which type of T cells are activated by the MHC class I molecules presented by APCs?
Effector T cells
What is the primary role of costimulatory signals in T cell activation?
Enhance T cell proliferation and differentiation
Which of the following events typically occurs after the activation of macrophages in the T cell response?
Activation of B cells
In the sequence of events in T cell responses, what is the main role of cytokines?
Direct effector functions like killing infected cells
What is the significance of APCs expressing both MHC class I and MHC class II molecules during antigen presentation?
It facilitates priming of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
Which type of T cells are presented with exogenous antigens by APCs?
CD4+ T cells
What is the function of costimulators in T cell activation?
Provide the necessary signals for T cell activation
Which cytokine typically 'tells' the responding cell to proliferate and differentiate into effector T cells?
IL-2
What is the main function of APCs in the context of T cell responses?
Present antigens to activate T cells
During T cell activation, what type of T cells encounter APCs presenting antigens?
Naive T cells
What is the primary role of IL-2 in T cell biology?
Stimulates T cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation into effector T cells
Which of the following is NOT a proinflammatory cytokine mentioned in the text?
Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
What effect does the upregulation of costimulatory molecules on APCs have on T cell activation?
Enhances T cell activation through costimulatory signals
Which immune cells primarily produce interleukin-2 (IL-2)?
Activated T cells
How do proinflammatory cytokines contribute to T cell activation?
Promote the expression of costimulatory molecules on APCs
Which event immediately follows the activation of naive T cells by APCs presenting antigens?
Expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) by T cells
In the context of immune responses, what role do costimulatory molecules play?
Provide a crucial second signal for T cell activation
What is the impact of IL-2 on effector T cells?
Enhances survival and effector functions of effector T cells
Which statement best describes the relationship between IL-2 and APC activation by microbes?
Microbial pathogens can trigger innate immune responses leading to IL-2 production
Learn about the importance of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in T cell activation and proliferation, including its role in stimulating the differentiation of T cells. Understand how IL-2 signaling works and its impact on the immune response.
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