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Questions and Answers
Which type of white blood cells are primarily involved in the early stages of periodontal disease?
What is the primary cause of periodontal disease?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the established lesion stage of periodontal disease?
What is the primary role of lymphocytes (B and T cells) in periodontal disease?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the advanced lesion stage of periodontal disease?
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What is a local risk factor for periodontal disease?
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Which of the following is the primary role of neutrophils in the immune response?
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What is the primary function of interleukins in the immune response?
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Which of the following is a potential outcome when bacterial presence and an inadequate immune response occur simultaneously?
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Which of the following immunoglobulins is primarily found in saliva?
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What is the primary function of macrophages in the innate immune response?
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Which of the following is a physical barrier that serves as part of the innate immune system?
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What is one of the main functions of biofilm Quorum sensing in bacteria?
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Which process involves the sharing of genetic code-containing proteins among bacteria?
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What is the role of elastase production by bacteria in biofilm formation?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the body's innate immunity?
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How does the complement cascade contribute to the immune response in the oral cavity?
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In bacterial communication, what is the function of signalling molecules released by bacteria?
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Study Notes
Interleukins and B Lymphocytes
- Interleukins are chemical messengers released by T cells to switch on B Lymphocytes.
- B cells turn into plasma cells, which release antibodies to search for and attach to antigens.
- Antibody-bound antigens are recognized by WBC macrophages and neutrophils for phagocytosis.
Antibody Types
- IgG is an antibody (immunoglobulin) that targets plaque antigens.
- IgA is an antibody (immunoglobulin) found in saliva.
Inflammation and Periodontal Destruction
- Bacterial presence is the main influence of inflammation.
- Inadequate response to bacterial presence leads to periodontal destruction.
- Over-vigorous response to bacterial presence also leads to periodontal destruction.
Immunity
Innate / Non-Specific Immunity
- Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens.
- Physical barriers: skin, mucosa, gingivae, epithelial barriers, tears, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid.
- Leukocytes (WBC): Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Monocyte (baby macrophages), Macrophage (big eater cells), Mast cell, and Natural killer.
- Complement cascade: a series of proteins that activate inflammatory and immune responses.
- Phagocyte: a cell that can surround and kill microorganisms.
Cells in Innate Immunity
- Neutrophils: phagocytic WBC, first cell to arrive at the site, and most abundant.
- Basophils: WBC that work closely with the immune system to defend against allergens, pathogens, and parasites.
- Eosinophils: WBC that protect the body from parasites, allergens, foreign bacteria, and outside organisms.
Stages of Periodontitis
- Stage 1: Initial lesion (Day 2-4), still reversible.
- Stage 2: Early lesion (Day 4-7), still reversible.
- Stage 3: Established lesion (Day 7+), not reversible.
- Stage 4: Advanced lesion, biofilm accumulation, acute inflammation, and collagen destruction.
Chronic Inflammation
- Sustained over a longer period, leading to continued collagen destruction.
- Specific immunity: antibody-producing cells dominate, including plasma cells and B Lymphocytes.
- Overgrowth of epithelial tissues, early pocket formation, and breakdown of junctional epithelium.
Risk Factors
- True risk factors: known to increase the risk of disease development.
- Putative risk factors: suspected to have an effect, but with insufficient evidence (e.g., obesity).
- Local risk factors: specific to the site, such as calculus (plaque retentive).
Biofilm Development
- Maturation of biofilm: quorum sensing occurs, allowing bacteria to share messages and control virulence, motility, and growth.
- Protease production: breaking down proteins.
- Elastase production: breaking down elastic fibers, making them more brittle.
Adaptive / Specific Immunity
- The body's specific defense against pathogens, involving antibody production and cell-mediated responses.
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Description
Test your knowledge on how interleukins released by T cells activate B lymphocytes to produce antibodies, which then bind to antigens to initiate immune responses. Explore the roles of different immunoglobulins such as IgG and IgA in immune defense mechanisms.
