Immunology & Infectious Diseases

• This is a multiple choice question document
• The document covers various topics in immunology and microbiology
• Includes true/false questions, multiple answer questions, and mismatched questions

Humoral Immunity

• A complement enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells and promotes inflammation.
• Antibodies clear out antigens through neutralization, agglutination, or precipitation.
• Opsonins are antibodies or other substances that enhance phagocytosis by binding to antigens.
• The phenomenon of selective proliferation of B cells in response to their interaction with an antigen is called clonal proliferation.
• Antibody-mediated immunity is also a well-known term for humoral immunity.
• Large-sized antibodies that can agglutinate antigens include IgM.
• The variable portions of the H and L chains of an antibody determine its specificity.
• An autoimmune disorder occurs when the immune system attacks healthy body tissue instead of infections
• Gamma globulin serum fraction contains predominantly immunoglobulin IgG.
• Memory B cells and immediate antibody production are key functions of B cells

Disease and Immunity

• Leukotrienes cause neutrophils to migrate to an area of inflammation and dilate small blood vessels in an injured area.
• The inability to distinguish between self and non-self cells leads to autoimmune diseases.
• Treg cell deficiency can result in autoimmunity.
• The rise in herd immunity within a population is directly attributable to vaccinations.
• Immunological tolerance is the normal immunological control of tumors.
• An organism's ability to resist infections is called immunity.
• Vaccination is a method of acquiring active immunization.
• Eliminating normal microbiota can increase susceptibility to disease.

Innate Immunity

• Lysozyme in saliva exemplifies a nonspecific chemical barrier to infection.
• Normal flora protects the body from pathogens by competing with pathogenic bacteria.
• NK cells constitute a type of lymphocyte involved in nonspecific immune defense.
• Neutrophils are white blood cells capable of phagocytosis.
• Mucus-secreting membranes are found in urinary and respiratory systems.
• Physical barriers offer the first line of immune defense.
• Chemical barriers also exist in the innate immune system
• The thymus is where the T cells mature.
• The specificity of an antibody is due to the variable portions of the H and L chains

Cells of the Immune System

• T cells respond to antigens using T-cell receptors (TCRs).
• CD8 is a receptor for MHC class I molecules.
• CD4+ T cells provide assistance for antibody production.
• HLA corresponding MHC class I presents peptides from inside the cell to CD8+ cells.
• Effector Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) release perforin and granzymes
• The different lineages of lymphocytes are distinguished by expression of membrane molecules like the CD19 and CD20 found in B cells.
• Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in cell cytotoxicity.
• The origin and maturation of B cells occurs in bone marrow.
• Cytokines always act by binding to specific receptors

Infection and Disease

• Koch observed Bacillus anthracis multiplying in the blood of cattle.
• Septicemia was the resulting condition
• Nosocomial infections are contributed to by antibiotic resistance, lapses in aseptic techniques, and a lack of handwashing-
• Transient microbiota are present for a relatively short time, unlike normal microbiota.
• A false statement about nosocomial infections is that the patient can be infected before hospitalization.
• The second most abundant antibody is IgA.
• An autoimmune disorder is when your person immune system attacks healthy body tissue

Viruses, Bacteria, and Fungi

• Naegleria fowleri is the causative agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis.
• Tinea cruris is ringworm of the groin.
• Toxic shock syndrome is characterized by fever, vomiting, a sunburn-like rash, and potential organ failure.
• Herpes zoster, caused by Varicella-zoster virus HHV-3 is also known as shingles.
• Haemophilus influenzae was the cause A one-year-old boy with meningitis
• Oral polio vaccines can cause the disease it is designed to prevent. Leprosy is also known as Hansen's disease.
• Epstein-Barr virus is implicated in infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and Hodgkin's disease,
• Candida albicans causes thrush and vaginitis.
• Mycolic acids in the cell wall are an important factor in the pathogenicity of tuberculosis.
• Treatment for mycoplasmal pneumonia involves tetracyclines.
• Diarehea is not a tylical symptom of influenza
• Cytomegalovirus produces a permanent carrier state following infection.

Vaccines and Immunization

• It is typically only considered acceptable to give a live attenuated viral vaccine to Children under 8 years of age
• Immunogens are antigens that evoke an immune response, except for haptens.
• Vaccination is a method of active immunization.
• Inactivated polio vaccine is not a vaccine that can cause the disease it is designed to prevent
• The ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells can clear the microbes
• thorough cooking can kill shigellosis

Conditions, Diseases, and Treatments

• "Rice water stools" are characteristic of cholera.
• The most common cause of traveler's diarrhea is Escherichia coli.
• Acute gastroenteritis in children is often caused by Rotavirus.
• Thoroughly cooking food will prevent trichinellosis.
• Salmonella enterica is most likely a source of infection by poultry products.
• Most of the normal microbiota of the digestive system are found in the colon.
• All of these contribute: Antibiotic resistance, lapse in aseptic techniques, lack of hand washing, insect control.
• All causes congenital infection of newborns: Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Genital herpes and lymphogranuloma venereum
• Genital herpes recurs at the initial site of infection.
• Syphilis is diagnosed by detecting antibodies against the causative agent.
• Acute sinusitis signs include facial pain, nasal congestion, and purulent discharge.
• The most threatening infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract is epiglottitis

Infectious Agents and Causative Agents

• Viruses are the most common invaders of the nasopharynx.
• Rhinovirus and coronavirus account for over 50% of colds.
• Fungi cause serious fungal infections if dimorphic, opportunistic and producing spores
• Blastomyces dermatitidis commonly causes cutaneous ulcers and extensive tissue destruction.
• The causative agent for AIDS was first identified in 1984 and named HIV-1
• The bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis is a causative agent of NGU
• Candida albicans is a opportunistic pathogen
• Neisseria gonorrhoeae: is only pathogenic if the gonorrhoea
• Adenovirus is a virus that can cause upper respiratory issues.
• Strep pyogenes is an organism responsible in toxic shock syndrome

Cancer and Autoimmunity

• Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a diagnostic marker
• Alpha-fetoprotein produced by embryonic cells which found in tumors know as oncofetal antigens for tumors of the colon.
• Cancer of blood cells Is referred to Leukemia
• Over 80 types of autoimmune disorders exist.
• It's a auto immune disorder where the persons immune system attacks healthy body tissue
• More than 50% of the cancers contracted by smokers it to the lung
• Liver Cancer is a antigen that’s related to EBV.
• Adenovirus: is a common infections that affect the pharynx or the conjunctiva
• Histamine: for type 1 hypersensitive
• A common cancer: breast cancer
• A unique cancer to male: prostate

Viral Infections

• What would classify Hiv Virus
• Hiv: it’s in the “lentivirus” family
• In a pt the is in contact with poison ivy the reaction that would elicit is “type 4
• EBV (Epstein barr virus) doesn’t correlate to endocarditis
• Viral conjunctiva: can be obtained from “adenovirus”
• No vaccine for: listeriosis
• What is the most deadly to the upper Respiratory? : Epiglottis
• Adenovirus: which does Streptococcus progenes not cause There multiple diseases caused by GAS

Other Agents and Treatments

• All of the following require treatment with antibiotics and antitoxins? : diphtheria
• All of the following used as first-line drugs for treating tuberculosis EXCEPT: fluoroquinolones are
• Most common use for for “monoclonal antibodies” that can be used as tx that are associated with cancers
• Is is required to diagnose Rabies it can be from “ Direct Fluorescent Antibody Techniques “
• What’s is the most accurate for upper respiratory infections? “Upper respiratory infection is caused Adenovirus
• There is only one form on NGU is caused by only one form of lymphangitis
• Masts cells: is initiated the reaction to acute inflammation

Disease Stages and Reservoirs

• When an patient experience no signs that is called incubation
• What can give long term protection to not get sick from micro organism? Microbal Antagonism
• A most common cause of diseases that you to to a different part of the world (travel): Contaminated food and water
• When a Pt has “HAv) How do they usually contract is?. Food
• “Candiadius “ is a causes by a opportunistic diseases

Transmissibility and Infections

• Diseases that DO NOOT spread By droplet infections is
• Canididcus
• What allows “influenza” to stay in the body “ha- spikes
• What cause urogeniaitlys?: is candidiates Which causes a patient cannot be in contact due to ?

Microorganisms and Diseases

• In that a patient is super ill due to fever and swelling is most likely is to be
• Strepococcus
• Super Toxins produces disease is produce for the gi is transmitted to respiratory
• What’s an organism is most commonly the reason you to go the bathroom after getting infected?
• E cloli All of the following is the not most important bacteria: for otis medis: and more : Cuxiello burnetts

The Immune System and Treatment

• Where do teacells made? Thymus
• What does the mucus consist of? Muscos setting membrane (all the above)
• The all parts of the immune system that have? All of the above
• If patient has severe problems/ immune - c both can give?
• What is produced by the immune cells that causes with antigen episode ? T-Cell receptor
• Mabs: are what causes with people to create what is that
• What is that in order to take cells to create what is that

Infections and Testing

• If patient has fever, headache what the test that a patient has? Stiff Neff
• Test for Elisa is enzyme for the indicator
• ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) allows for rapid screening and quantification of _____ in a sample. Antigens
• Hiv: lentivirus

Cytokines

• Th1 cells respond to Ag by: TCR
• C5b-6789: cause the membrane attach
• Il-17: is the is produced
• M protein is produced by: and most responsible to
• Igg: Gamma globulin
• What part what causes by “neisseria mengilitis” its can be gram positive anaerobic

Vaccinations and Side Effects

• Live attenuate: either vaccines or killed or alive
• The best vaccines: Tetanus
• If success full immunization can be impacted: Maternal antipathy
• The most successful: is a traveling disease and is to to catch:
• Type for hypersensitivity: Lupsu
• One of symptoms after is to give for tetanus is not needed . You should get them “debridement”

Conditions and Treatments

• Tulameria has to deal with a potential bio terrorism agent due to his effective
• When are and all what we were able to do the most effective to prevent a infection on malaria? Get ride the mosquitoes
• Mabs: are what allows the test for screening, and how to the treat infections
• Skin relations that cause pus: what causes these papules after is to the
• Can “HIV” turn into aids? Yes
• 25yrs the rashes around the chest from a past symptoms that pt had? Syphilic
• If test show : Positive and 100 thousands? :“ pyelonephritis.

Miscellaneous Factors and Components

• IGA: is from what can’t be be
• If your have B-Sells it has no surface the receptors: a.
• Innate: is the type is all
• CD4: that are not able has to be by
• What are some diseases cannot be killed due to any test? They all affect can be
• What produce: Il-17

Immune Response Mechanism

• What in order to the release that In the process? To release what is:
• Increase: heart response to the to this in all is? Vasodilation And activation
• What occurs when a person cannot is to what happens with the self? Auto immune system

Immunoglobulins

• Dimer: is caused by
• What: iga
• Imgs: is structurally and chartize what: 4. E:

Transmission and Treatments

• Transmission
• Trans: of hav (Contamination and and during food pepraation
• Staph : if and where they are to in stomach , to not. That does help what the acid is? it can help neutralizes
• If patient has high: to the ( what not in there) what this does show: aids
• Transmitted: to the respiratory for gastrointesstienl does is? mumps
• If the following is most effective: is is the mosquito to? It’s only that Mosquitoes
• Which: one can you use that that can’t be can not be transmitted? “Toxo plasmosis “

Antibiotic and the Body

• Bacteria
• If you have “neirrsherias” what this is call? false

True/False Questions

• True/False
• 25- y/o the pt, that has syphilis so most what stage : secondary
• True or false if it is related with” (cdi-diffiiles) : is usually proceeded in diarrhea. Eating contamination (FALSE)

Cancer Immunities

• Cancer of the body ?
• Cancer: is the 5. C
• The process to with introduce the into the human body ? Vaccine
• If pt is immunizing the by getting passive ? That in what can happen?: A. T the transplant
• How do you determine which is the best the way to determine the
• If this is the case that of aids is true and
• It can help with aids: false

Bacterial and Related Factors

What is most important bacteria (that is on the test/lab tech that we want for it?: CDi (and with the test)

Multiple Answer Question Notes:

Antibodies and cell mediators (MHC)

• 1.What are some diseases that are transmitted and is “bacteria”: DENGUE
• The most common type can be in “skin disease “ a b and c - 405 If PT ha has test with some of his symptoms: to say “the patient has had active Tb. What cells help with “C 5a” what kind is it?: B cells, I can 3 What cannot “MHC” all of the following you can to to what?: Mhc. C.d that is is If pt the take any test where ccd-3 it’s:

Additional Questions to consider for studying:

• What produces ”th17”, is one: 4. D:il-1
• What does “interulk-12” does that serves?: what helps is to
• Which are: Not “atcp”: the c. Nuetrifills What: helps protect: the to
• What is no treated with antibiotics? Ebola
• If with patient does not have to tell is?
• Can you be with contact with poison that are can be with? False If the following cause has with to can be caused by contact : the person : false

Additional Material Questions and Notes:

• Hpv? All you need is : hpv
• Most Common travel: Yellow
• 8 the what the correct with “plasma cells what the best the one from B-tells
• Cytokine with is respond to which of the following ?: B: tcr
• In what is
• Is the following is what is the that do not need : what we are to to do with: Tamoxifen. Tamixifen"
• Which : the best know and be it from: cd4+
• What is what with you is by for something with : all of the above

True/False review:

• The (M cells