10 Questions
What was the year in which HIV diagnostic tests were developed?
1985
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Lentivirus genus?
High potential for genetic diversity
What is the enzyme responsible for transcribing single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA?
Reverse transcriptase
What is the primary mechanism of HIV transmission?
Hunting and handling of infected chimpanzee meat
What is the function of the gp41 trans-membranous glycoprotein?
Fusion of the viral and host cell membranes
What is the name of the first antiretroviral drug developed?
Zidovudine
What is the primary cell type affected by HIV?
CD4+ T cells
What is the origin of HIV?
Transfer of SIV from chimpanzees
What is the function of the p24 protein?
Formation of the viral capsid
Which of the following is a characteristic of HIV-2?
Slower progression to AIDS
Study Notes
HIV Overview
- Approximately 37.7 million people worldwide (0.7% of the world's population) were living with HIV in 2020, with 1.5 million new cases.
- 73% of those cases were being treated with ART, but 680,000 people died from HIV-related causes that same year.
Immune System and HIV
- Advanced stages of HIV are associated with substantial disruption of lymphoid tissue.
- Impaired ability to mount immune response to new antigen and maintain memory responses.
- Loss of containment of HIV replication and susceptibility to opportunistic infections.
- CD4 depletion and dysfunction.
How HIV Causes Disease
- HIV infects numerous organ systems, including the brain, lymphatic system, blood, body fluids, bone marrow, skin, and colon.
- Direct injury can occur to the nervous system (encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy), kidneys (HIV-associated nephropathy), heart (HIV cardiomyopathy), and GI tract (dysmotility and malabsorption).
- Indirect injury can occur through opportunistic infections and tumors due to immunosuppression.
HIV Transmission
- Modes of infection include sexual transmission, mother-to-child transmission, accidental occupational exposure, intravenous drug use, and infected blood products and organs.
HIV Diagnosis
- Detection methods include detection of the virus itself (p24 antigen, PCR, viral load) and detection of an immune response to the virus through the production of antibodies (ELISA, rapid tests).
HIV Treatment
- Antiretrovirals delay the progression to AIDS and death.
- Successful treatment results in undetectable viral load and increased CD4 cell count.
- Treatment does not eradicate HIV, so it is lifelong.
- Drugs from different classes are used in combination.
Origin and Classification of HIV
- HIV originated from the transfer of SIV (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus) from chimpanzees.
- Scientific evidence supports the "Natural transfer" theory.
- HIV classification includes the family Retroviridae, genus Lentivirus, and types HIV-1 (worldwide) and HIV-2 (isolated in West Africa).
HIV Structure
- HIV has a lipid layer, nucleocapsid (p17), and ribonucleic protein (p24) surrounded by a trans-membranous glycoprotein (gp41) and a spike of envelope glycoprotein (gp120).
This quiz covers the effects of HIV on the immune system, including impaired immune response, loss of containment of HIV replication, and susceptibility to opportunistic infections.
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