Immunology and Disease Diagnosis Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly defines endemic?

A sudden increase in disease cases above the normal level

The occurrence of a disease in a limited area

A disease occurring regularly in a specific geographic area (correct)

A disease that spreads worldwide

What is the primary method by which immunization controls disease transmission?

Isolating infected individuals

Improving sanitation practices

Promoting the use of antibiotics

Creating herd immunity through vaccination (correct)

In which way do CD8 T Effector immune cells primarily fight infections?

By releasing cytokines that enhance antibody response

By producing antibodies that neutralize viruses

By directly killing infected cells (correct)

By activating B cells to produce more lymphocytes

Which of the following statements about the course of disease for Hodgkin's Lymphoma is correct?

It often presents with swollen lymph nodes and fever Signup and view all the answers

What is a major characteristic of prions compared to other pathogens?

They have a simple protein structure with no nucleic acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of horizontal transmission of diseases?

Through direct contact between individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the etiology of Lupus?

Genetic factors with unknown environmental triggers Signup and view all the answers

What role do fomites play in disease transmission?

They are surfaces or objects that can harbor pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by the body's immune system mistakenly attacking its own healthy cells?

Autoimmune disorders Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is present at birth and does not require prior exposure to an antigen?

Nonspecific immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytokines in the immune response?

They serve as chemical messengers between cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibodies is primarily responsible for allergic reactions?

IgE Signup and view all the answers

What condition is a result of physical injury or external violence potentially leading to brain tissue damage?

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are primarily responsible for phagocytosis in the immune response?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What type of pathogen must be targeted by cytotoxic T cells?

Viruses Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with biopsies?

Infection Signup and view all the answers

Which of these conditions is classified as a metabolic disorder?

Diabetes mellitus Signup and view all the answers

Which imaging technique uses x-rays to create images?

CT scan Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the complement system in immunity?

To enhance the immune response and attack bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of MRI scans?

They use radio waves and strong magnetic fields Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells are primarily involved in the humoral response?

B cells Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the MRI from the CT scan regarding noise levels?

MRI is loud while CT is silent Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the degenerative diseases as mentioned in the content?

Increased deterioration of cells over time Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario would make a CT scan unsafe?

Pregnant woman Signup and view all the answers

What does opsonization refer to in the immune system?

Coating a pathogen to make it easier for phagocytes to recognize and attack Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of CT scans?

Detecting bone fractures Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of systemic lupus erythematosus as an autoimmune disorder?

Inflammation affecting multiple organs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about infectious diseases is true?

They are largely preventable and treatable. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes idiopathic diseases from other types?

They have an unknown cause Signup and view all the answers

How long can it take for biopsy results to be available?

Results can take up to 10 days Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lupus is characterized by affecting the entire body?

Systemic lupus Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark symptom of Sjogren's syndrome?

Dryness in secretory glands Signup and view all the answers

What class of hypersensitivity is triggered by IgE?

Type I Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme in HIV is responsible for converting viral RNA into DNA?

Reverse transcriptase Signup and view all the answers

What is the CD4 count threshold indicating a progression to AIDS?

200 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of Hodgkin's Lymphoma is identified by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells?

Classic Hodgkin's Lymphoma Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon describes the whitening of fingers due to vasoconstriction?

Raynaud's phenomenon Signup and view all the answers

What is a common opportunistic infection associated with HIV?

Toxoplasmosis Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a type of lupus mentioned in the content?

Juvenile lupus Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate treatment approach for a drug-induced lupus?

Stopping the medication Signup and view all the answers

What kind of reaction is Type IV hypersensitivity primarily associated with?

Delayed cell-mediated response Signup and view all the answers

In terms of prevalence, what does it refer to regarding diseases?

Total number of existing cases Signup and view all the answers

What is a common skin manifestation seen in systemic lupus erythematosus?

Butterfly rash Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is used to block the risk of HIV infection?

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a mammogram?

To detect growth in breast tissue two years before manual examination Signup and view all the answers

What does radiolucent indicate in a chest X-ray?

Areas filled with air Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is classified as terminal?

AIDS Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the return of symptoms after a person has appeared to be cured?

Relapse Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'sequalae'?

A condition developing as a consequence of a previous disease Signup and view all the answers

What does prevalence refer to in health statistics?

The total existing cases in a population at a specific time Signup and view all the answers

What is etiology in relation to diseases?

The cause or origin of a disease Signup and view all the answers

What does 'idiopathic' mean?

A disease with no known cause Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a complication?

A new disease that arises after a previous disease has resolved Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a chronic disease?

It is typically progressive and long-lasting Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

HIV and AIDS

HIV is diagnosed through blood tests, including ELISA and Western blot.
Kaposi's sarcoma is the most common tumor associated with AIDS.

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Achieved by the activation and proliferation of T cells (especially CD8 cytotoxic T cells) that target infected or abnormal cells.

Autoimmune Diseases Diagnosis and Course

Lupus is diagnosed through clinical evaluation and lab tests (e.g., ANA test), with autoimmune reactions being its etiology.
Scleroderma presents with skin thickening and organ involvement; it progresses slowly, involving fibrosis.
Sjogren's syndrome often involves dry eyes and mouth, with a slowly progressive course affecting exocrine glands.

Lymphomas Course of Disease

Hodgkin's lymphoma typically follows a predictable pattern and has a better prognosis compared to Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, which has a varied course depending on the subtype.

Infectious Disease Terms

Endemic: Constant presence of a disease within a geographical area.
Epidemic: Sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in a population.
Pandemic: Global spread of a disease affecting a large number of people.
Outbreak: A localized increase in disease cases.
Notifiable Diseases: Diseases that must be reported to government authorities.
Reservoir: Habitual place where a pathogen lives and multiplies.
Horizontal Transmission: Disease spread from one individual to another.
Fomites: Inanimate objects that can carry infectious organisms.
Vertical Transmission: Transmission of a pathogen from mother to child.
Parenteral: Routes of infection that bypass the gastrointestinal tract.

Transmission Control Measures

Immunization: Vaccination to prevent infectious diseases.
Isolation: Separating individuals with contagious diseases to prevent spread.

Primary Syphilis

Chancre: A painless ulcer at the site of infection, typically associated with syphilis.

Gram Staining

A method used to categorize bacteria based on cell wall properties; includes the use of crystal violet and safranin stains.

HPV Overview

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection linked to various cancers.
Treatments include vaccines (e.g., Gardasil) and methods to remove lesions.

Course of Disease for HPV

Often asymptomatic but can lead to genital warts or various cancers over time.

Microorganisms Causing Disease

Viruses: Small pathogens that require a host cell to replicate.
Bacteria: Single-celled organisms, some of which can cause disease.
Protozoa: Microscopic, single-celled organisms that can cause infections.
Fungi: Organisms that include yeasts and molds; some can cause infections.
Helminths: Parasitic worms that infect host organisms.
Prions: Misfolded proteins that can cause neurodegenerative diseases.

Infection Prevention in Healthcare

Practices include hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and sterilization methods.

MRSA

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a type of bacterial infection resistant to many antibiotics; spreads through direct contact or contaminated surfaces.

Health Definition

According to WHO, health encompasses mental, physical, and social well-being.

Homeostasis

Represents a balanced state of bodily functions; disruptions lead to disease.

Disease Terminology

Prognosis: Likely outcome of a disease.
Acute: Sudden onset with a short duration.
Terminal: Ends in death.
Chronic: Long duration with gradual onset.
Remission: Temporary reduction of disease symptoms.
Exacerbation: Worsening of disease symptoms.
Relapse: Symptoms return after a period of improvement.
Complication: New disease arising from an existing condition.
Sequela: A condition resulting from a previous disease.
Mortality: Deaths associated with a disease.
Morbidity: Cases of disease within a population.
Incidence: Newly diagnosed cases of a disease.
Prevalence: Total existing cases in a specific population.

Etiology

Refers to the cause of a disease, classified into hereditary, congenital, degenerative, inflammatory, autoimmune, neoplastic, metabolic, and traumatic categories.

Pathogenesis

The progression of a disease over time.

Immunity Basics

The ability to defend against infection, categorized into nonspecific (innate) and specific (acquired/adaptive) immunity.

Antigens and Immune Response

Antigens provoke immune responses, leading to the production of antibodies. Types of antibodies include IgE (allergy), IgA (mucosal), IgD (B cell activation), IgG (primary/secondary response), IgM (initial response).### Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity occurs when the body produces autoantibodies, mistakenly attacking its own tissues.
Common autoimmune diseases include Scleroderma and Sjögren's syndrome.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an idiopathic condition influenced by infections, certain drugs, and genetic factors.
Types of lupus:
- Systemic lupus affects the whole body; incurable, 70% of cases.
- Cutaneous lupus affects the skin; manageable but incurable.
- Drug-induced lupus can resolve by discontinuing medication.
- Neonatal lupus results from maternal antibodies; can also resolve.
SLE symptoms include fatigue, arthritis, fever, butterfly rash, and mouth ulcers; photosensitivity and Raynaud's phenomenon are notable features.

Scleroderma

Scleroderma is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by coarse and tight skin.
It presents in two forms:
- Localized form shows waxy patches and skin streaks.
- Systemic form impacts internal organs.
Symptoms include Raynaud's phenomenon, heartburn, joint pain, and difficulty swallowing.
More prevalent in women, possibly linked to hormonal factors.

Sjögren's Syndrome

Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic condition that primarily destroys exocrine (secretory) glands, leading to dryness in eyes and mouth.
Predominantly affects women (90%).
Can be primary (isolated) or secondary (associated with other illnesses).
Idiopathic with no current effective treatments; hydration is essential for management.

Allergies

Allergies represent an abnormal immune response to non-harmful antigens.
Four types of hypersensitivity exist:
- Type I is IgE-mediated and often results in anaphylaxis.
- Type II involves IgM and IgG leading to cell destruction; seen in blood transfusions.
- Type III consists of immune complexes depositing in tissues; associated with SLE.
- Type IV is delayed cell-mediated immunity, exemplified by reactions to poison ivy and TB tests.

HIV

HIV is a sexually transmitted infection characterized by the gradual decline of CD4 counts.
Key enzymes include:
- Reverse transcriptase (converts viral RNA to DNA).
- Integrase (inserts viral DNA into host DNA).
- Protease (processes viral proteins for assembly).
Normal CD4 count ranges from 800 to 1200; below 200 indicates AIDS.
Common opportunistic infections include Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and others like Toxoplasmosis and Mycobacterium.
Prevention strategies include pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with Truvada.

Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Hodgkin's lymphoma affects the lymphatic system and is distinguished by Reed-Sternberg cells, which are large and abnormal lymphocytes.
Symptoms include painless lymph swelling, unexplained fever, night sweats, cough, and weight loss.
Etiology remains idiopathic, with treatment options including chemotherapy and stem cell transplant.

Epidemiology and Disease Concepts

Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause infections.
Terms:
- Contagious diseases are transmitted through direct contact.
- Incidence refers to new cases; prevalence addresses existing cases.
- Endemic diseases maintain low levels consistently in certain areas.
- Epidemic denotes unusual increases in disease cases.

Imaging Techniques

CT scans utilize x-rays; commonly used for assessing tumors, bone fractures, and internal bleeding.
MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves; preferred for soft tissue images.
CT is usually quieter and less expensive than MRI but involves ionizing radiation, while MRI is pricier and can be uncomfortable for patients with claustrophobia or metal implants.
Both techniques can use contrast dyes for clearer images, though allergies to these dyes may occur.

Mechanisms of Disease

Infectious diseases are leading causes of global mortality and morbidity, largely preventable through treatment and vaccination.
A significant percentage of infectious disease deaths stem from a limited number of diseases, highlighting the importance of focused healthcare strategies.

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Description

This quiz covers critical topics in immunology and disease diagnosis, including HIV, Lupus, and various lymphomas. Test your knowledge on the immune response, disease courses, and definitions of key terms. Prepare to explore how these conditions impact the body and the mechanisms behind immune defense.