13.1 Immunodiagnostics

Antibodies produced from multiple B-cell clones. This means they recognize and bind to different epitopes (specific parts) on an antigen.

Antibodies produced from a single B-cell clone. This means they recognize and bind to a single specific epitope on an antigen.

A method for detecting antibodies or antigens that uses enzyme-linked antibodies. It often involves attaching an enzyme to a secondary antibody that binds to the primary antibody.

ELISA technique where the primary antibody being detected in the sample binds to a known antigen. The secondary antibody, linked to an enzyme, recognizes the primary antibody.

A type of ELISA where the antigen is captured between two layers of antibodies. The first antibody is attached to a solid surface, and the second antibody, linked to an enzyme, is used for detection.

A technique used to detect and identify specific antigens or proteins in tissues. Antibodies labeled with an enzyme or fluorescent dye are used to bind to the target.

A common diagnostic test for Lyme disease, a bacterial infection spread by ticks.

A modification of the ELISA test used for rapid and convenient point-of-care diagnostics, often used for pet health.

This technique involves the use of specialized filters to capture and bind specific antigens, facilitating their detection and analysis.

This device is typically used to measure the absorbance or optical density of a solution, providing quantitative data in ELISA assays.

A technique that uses fluorescent-labeled antibodies to detect specific antigens in cells or tissues. These antibodies bind to their target antigens, and the fluorescence emitted allows for visualization using a fluorescent microscope.

Antigen-antibody complexes can form precipitates, especially when the concentration of both antigen and antibody is balanced (zone of equivalence).

The concentration range where antigen and antibody react optimally, resulting in a visible precipitate.

A type of immunoprecipitation assay performed in a solution, which can measure the amount (quantitative) or presence (qualitative) of the antigen or antibody.

A type of immunoprecipitation assay performed in a gel matrix, where antigen and antibody diffuse towards each other, forming a visible precipitate at the zone of equivalence.

A specific example of gel-based immunoprecipitation assay using an agar gel matrix, commonly used for diagnosing certain diseases.

A technique that primarily focuses on the interaction between antigens and antibodies, often forming complexes.

The key difference between Immunofluorescence and Immunohistochemistry is the use of fluorescent-labeled antibodies in Immunofluorescence, whereas Immunohistochemistry uses enzyme-labeled antibodies.

Antibodies produced by one individual that react against the antigens of another individual of the same species.

A group of blood antigens found in dogs, with DEA-1 being the most important for transfusion compatibility.

A blood group incompatibility where cats with type B blood produce antibodies against type A blood, causing a strong reaction if transfused with type A blood.

The process of identifying the specific blood type of an individual by using antibodies that recognize specific erythrocyte antigens.

A technique used to determine the compatibility of blood between a donor and recipient. It involves mixing the donor's blood with the recipient's serum.

Technique used to detect the clumping of blood cells due to antibody binding. This occurs when antibodies bind to specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells.

Small cards or gels containing antibodies that bind to specific blood type antigens (e.g., feline A or B antigens). Blood droplets are added and observed for agglutination.

A specific type of blood typing card used to identify DEA-1 blood types in dogs.

A blood typing method that uses antibodies against red blood cell antigens (RBC) suspended in a gel matrix. Red blood cells (RBCs) with the corresponding antigen will agglutinate (clump together) and be trapped in the gel, while RBCs without the antigen will pass through the gel.

This method uses monoclonal antibodies attached to lines on a dipstick to detect red blood cell (RBC) antigens. Blood is applied to the dipstick, and RBCs with matching antigen bind to the antibodies, creating a visible line.

A test that involves mixing the recipient's serum (containing potential antibodies) with the donor's red blood cells (RBCs). This test determines if the recipient has antibodies that would attack the donor's RBCs, leading to a transfusion reaction.

A test that involves mixing the donor's serum with the recipient's red blood cells (RBCs). This test determines if the donor has antibodies that would attack the recipient's RBCs.

Used to determine compatibility between blood types for transfusions. Agglutination (clumping) indicates a cross-reaction, meaning the blood types are incompatible.

A quantitative assay where either antigen or antibody is incorporated into a gel, allowing only one component to diffuse and form a precipitate. The area of the circle formed is proportional to the concentration of the antigen or antibody.

A technique used in research to detect specific proteins in a sample. Proteins are separated by size, transferred to a membrane, and then identified using antibodies and an enzyme-linked reaction.

A test used to detect virus-specific antibodies in serum by measuring the ability of the serum to neutralize the virus and prevent it from infecting cells.

A test that measures the ability of antibodies to inhibit the agglutination of red blood cells by certain viruses. It uses hemagglutinating viruses like Myxoviruses and Paramyxoviruses.

The loss of major blood components (RBCs, platelets, or clotting factors) due to direct hemorrhage or immune-mediated processes.

The process of introducing blood or blood products into an animal's circulatory system to replace lost blood components.

Factors that prevent the successful transfer of blood or tissues between individuals, primarily due to the presence of different Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. RBCs do not express MHC molecules but can still have unique antigens.

The fluid portion of blood that remains after clotting, containing antibodies and other proteins.

The process of collecting and preparing serum for laboratory testing.

The study of reactions between antibodies and antigens in serum, often used to diagnose infectious diseases.

A type of antibody-based technique that relies on the specific binding between antibodies and antigens. It requires antigens that bind to a particular antibody and antibodies generated to detect that specific antigen.

A method for detecting antibodies or antigens in a sample using enzyme-linked antibodies. It often involves attaching an enzyme to a secondary antibody that binds to the primary antibody. This method is widely used for diagnostic purposes.

Modified ELISA tests designed for rapid and convenient point-of-care diagnostics, often used for pet health. These devices allow for quick results in various settings like veterinary clinics.

This technique involves using a specialized filter to capture and bind specific antigens from a sample, facilitating their detection and analysis. It is a valuable tool for studying immune responses, pathogen identification, and other applications.

In precipitation assays, the formation of visible precipitates relies on the optimal concentration of both antigen and antibody, creating a measurable reaction.

The most important antigens involved in blood group incompatibility in dogs are the dog erythrocyte antigen 1 (DEA-1) group.

Untransfused dogs do not have significant amounts of naturally occurring antibodies against DEA-1. However, if exposed to DEA 1.1-positive blood cells, dogs lacking DEA 1.1 will produce large amounts of anti-DEA 1.1 antibodies.

The three main blood groups in cats are types A, B, and AB, and a newly recognized group, Mik.

The clinically important erythrocyte antigens in horses are Aa, Qa, and to a lesser degree Ca.

Blood typing uses antibodies to recognize specific erythrocyte antigens. When antibodies bind to antigens on red blood cells, they cause the cells to clump together, known as agglutination.

To prevent transfusion reactions, it is best to know the recipient's and donor's blood types and their compatibility.

A blood typing method that uses antibodies against red blood cell antigens (RBC) suspended in a gel matrix. Red blood cells (RBCs) with the corresponding antigen will agglutinate (clump together) and be trapped in the gel, while RBCs without the antigen will pass through the gel, settling at the bottom.

A blood typing method that uses monoclonal antibodies attached to lines on a dipstick to detect red blood cell (RBC) antigens. Blood is applied to the dipstick, and RBCs with matching antigen bind to the antibodies, creating a visible line indicating a positive result.