15 Questions
What is the function of CTLD-C-type lectin-like domain and SR-collagen-like domains in macrophages?
To recognize and bind to pathogens
What triggers an inflammatory response in the body?
Phagocytosis of infecting bacteria
What is the role of vascular endothelium in the inflammatory response?
To serve as a gatekeeper
What is the function of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)?
To trap bacteria and fungi
What is the outcome of the release of cytokines and chemokines by macrophages?
Increased permeability of blood vessels
What influences the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into different T-helper-cell subsets?
Cytokines in the local environment
What is the primary function of cytokines in the immune response?
To coordinate immune responses
How does the commensal gut microbiota affect immune function?
Through both local and distant effects
What is the mechanism by which cytokine receptors transmit signals into the cell?
Ligand binding
What is the difference between the systemic and mucosal immune systems?
They use different strategies for coping with infections
What happens to blood vessels during an inflammatory response?
They become more permeable, allowing plasma proteins and fluid to leak into the tissues.
What is the result of TNF-α release by macrophages in a systemic infection?
Shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiple organ failure.
What is the role of TLR signaling in response to viral nucleic acids?
Stimulation of antiviral interferon expression.
What is the outcome of NFκB activation in response to PAMPs?
Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression.
What is the role of macrophages in the release of TNF-α during an infection?
They release TNF-α systemically, leading to shock and multiple organ failure.
Understand the role of cytokines in immune responses and how they influence the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into different T-helper-cell subsets. Learn about the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and how the immune system copes with infections. Test your knowledge of immunology!
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