Immunology: Cytokines and T-Cell Differentiation
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of CTLD-C-type lectin-like domain and SR-collagen-like domains in macrophages?

  • To prevent phagocytosis
  • To increase permeability of blood vessels
  • To recognize and bind to pathogens (correct)
  • To induce cytokine production
  • What triggers an inflammatory response in the body?

  • Release of cytokines by T cells
  • Activation of neutrophils
  • Phagocytosis of infecting bacteria (correct)
  • Recognition of pathogens by macrophages
  • What is the role of vascular endothelium in the inflammatory response?

  • To induce apoptosis in infected cells
  • To serve as a gatekeeper (correct)
  • To produce cytokines
  • To increase the permeability of blood vessels
  • What is the function of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)?

    <p>To trap bacteria and fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the release of cytokines and chemokines by macrophages?

    <p>Increased permeability of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into different T-helper-cell subsets?

    <p>Cytokines in the local environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytokines in the immune response?

    <p>To coordinate immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the commensal gut microbiota affect immune function?

    <p>Through both local and distant effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which cytokine receptors transmit signals into the cell?

    <p>Ligand binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the systemic and mucosal immune systems?

    <p>They use different strategies for coping with infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood vessels during an inflammatory response?

    <p>They become more permeable, allowing plasma proteins and fluid to leak into the tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of TNF-α release by macrophages in a systemic infection?

    <p>Shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiple organ failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of TLR signaling in response to viral nucleic acids?

    <p>Stimulation of antiviral interferon expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of NFκB activation in response to PAMPs?

    <p>Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in the release of TNF-α during an infection?

    <p>They release TNF-α systemically, leading to shock and multiple organ failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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