Immunology Chapter on Cytokines and Antibodies

Cytokines mediate cellular reactions of innate immunity and stimulate acquired immunity in response to microbial antigens.

Inflammation is the biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, aimed at eliminating these threats and initiating healing.

APRs are proteins synthesized predominantly by the liver that increase or decrease in concentration during acute inflammation.

<p>C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Serum Amyloid A are two examples of positive APRs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CRP can be detected using the latex agglutination test and precipitation methods with anti-CRP antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The synthesis of APRs is triggered by harmful stimuli such as acute bacterial infections, major trauma, and systemic vasculitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The detection limit of 0.6 mg/dL indicates the sensitivity of the test for identifying inflammation levels in patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgA mediates mucosal transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgM is the first antibody synthesized in fetal life, providing immunity to the fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgM is 500–1000 times more potent in opsonization than IgG.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicates an intrauterine infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgM is responsible for protection against blood invasion by microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgG is primarily involved in mediating coagglutination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgD serves as a marker for B cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgG3 has a questionable half-life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgE is known for mast cell degranulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avidity is a better indicator of the strength of an antigen-antibody reaction because it combines the effects of affinity and multivalency, allowing antibodies like IgM to bind more effectively than IgG despite having lower affinity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The geometry of multivalent antibodies gets stretched when reacting with complex antigens, leading to less optimal binding interactions as they must accommodate multiple epitopes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibodies can cross-react with different antigens due to the sharing of similar epitopes among those antigens, allowing their corresponding antibodies to engage with them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IgG avidity increases over time, with later-produced IgG exhibiting stronger binding properties than IgG produced early in the infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paratopes, the parts of antibodies that bind to specific epitopes of antigens, facilitate specific interactions, which are crucial for the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allotypes are antigenic determinants present in the constant region of heavy and light chains of antibodies, encoded by multiple alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When an antigen has multiple epitopes, it stimulates different clones of B cells, resulting in a mixture of antibodies known as polyclonal antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monoclonal antibodies are produced by a single clone of B cells targeting one specific epitope, unlike polyclonal antibodies generated by multiple clones against various epitopes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Hybridoma technique involves fusing a stimulated B cell with an immortal myeloma cell to create a hybridoma that can proliferate and produce monoclonal antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three allotype systems in humans are the Km system for kappa light chains, the Gm system for heavy chains, and the Am system for heavy chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allotypes contribute to antibody diversity by exhibiting variations in amino acid sequence due to multiple alleles within a species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allotypic determinants are crucial for distinguishing between individual antibodies in immune monitoring and for potential therapeutic applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B cells produce polyclonal antibodies by responding to multiple epitopes of an antigen, leading to the activation and proliferation of various B cell clones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difference of 1-4 amino acids in allotypes can alter the binding affinity and efficacy of antibodies affecting immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Varying allotype expressions can influence the effectiveness and safety of antibody-based therapies, necessitating personalized approaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three types of cells are unfused myeloma cells, unfused mouse splenic B cells, and fused hybridoma cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Purification is crucial because the antibodies may be mixed with other antibodies and may not be in pure form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The double mutations prevent the myeloma cells from producing their own antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HAT medium is used to subculture the cells and remove unwanted unfused cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mouse proteins can induce an immune response, leading to the production of anti-mouse antibodies (HAMA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concentration range is 1–10 mg/mL.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unfused cells are removed by subculturing the hybridoma cells onto HAT medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One solution is to create hybrid antibodies by recombining human and mouse proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The purpose is to allow the hybridoma cells to multiply and produce monoclonal antibodies in ascitic fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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