Immunology Chapter 5 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of immunity is responsible for recognizing specific pathogens the body has been exposed to before?

Adaptive immunity (correct)

Innate immunity

Physical barriers

Chemical defenses

Which of the following is NOT considered a physical or chemical barrier to pathogens?

Vaccination (correct)

Tears

Digestive acids

Skin

Neutrophils contribute to pus formation due to their function in the immune response. What is their primary role?

Mature into macrophages

Produce antibodies

Phagocytize bacteria (correct)

Release cytokines

Which of the following pathogens is classified as viral?

Influenza Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells are responsible for the release of pyrogens that can trigger a fever?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What role do resident bacteria on the skin serve in preventing infections?

They out-compete harmful pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of macrophages in the innate immune response?

To phagocytize dead tissue and bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is caused by a fungal pathogen?

Yeast infection Signup and view all the answers

What role do macrophages play in the immune system?

They function as antigen-presenting cells. Signup and view all the answers

How can mild fevers benefit the immune response?

They create a less favorable environment for pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do eosinophils use to combat large invaders?

They surround them and release digestive enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

What action do activated complement proteins take against pathogens?

They attach to pathogens, helping in their destruction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial trigger for the inflammatory response?

Release of histamine by mast cells and basophils. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does histamine have on blood vessels during inflammation?

It dilates arterioles to increase blood flow. Signup and view all the answers

What is one result of increased capillary permeability during the inflammatory response?

Increased swelling due to fluid leakage. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of inflammation?

Swelling (edema). Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytotoxic T cells in the immune response?

To directly kill cells with specific foreign antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What do memory cytotoxic T cells do after the initial immune response?

They remain in the body for a rapid response to future infections. Signup and view all the answers

How do cytotoxic T cells recognize infected or cancerous cells?

By matching their protein receptors to specific antigens on these cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response?

To stimulate the division of other immune cells. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to T cells after they successfully bind with an antigen?

They undergo division to form effector and memory T cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is perforin and its role in the immune response?

A protein that punches holes in infected or cancerous cell membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of HIV targeting helper T cells?

Disruption of the overall immune response. Signup and view all the answers

What role do macrophages play in the initiation of T cell responses?

They present antigens to T cells after engulfing foreign materials. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of B cells in the immune response?

They produce protein antibodies that bind to foreign antigens. Signup and view all the answers

How do cytotoxic T cells eliminate infected cells?

By attaching to infected cells and inducing apoptosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of having memory B and T cells?

They remember specific pathogens for a faster response upon re-exposure. Signup and view all the answers

What activates complement proteins during an immune response?

Binding of antibodies to foreign pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature do adaptive immunity B and T lymphocytes share?

Each cell type has proteins that are specific for one unique antigen. Signup and view all the answers

In the adaptive immune system, what happens during the initial exposure to an antigen?

Memory B and T cells are produced that will respond to future encounters. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of helper T cells in the immune response?

They are responsible for coordinating the immune response. Signup and view all the answers

How do antibodies function in the immune system?

By immobilizing pathogens and marking them for destruction by phagocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of active immunization?

It provides immunity without exposing the individual to the disease. Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunization is used to treat existing infections such as rabies?

Passive immunization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains why a new flu vaccine is necessary each year?

The flu virus mutates frequently. Signup and view all the answers

What effect do antibiotics have on viruses?

They do not work against viruses. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding vaccinations?

There is a link between vaccination and autism. Signup and view all the answers

What immune response is triggered by harmless substances in allergies?

Histamines release leading to inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

What role do immunosuppressive drugs play in organ transplantation?

They prevent organ rejection by the immune system. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during anaphylactic shock?

It can lead to circulatory system collapse. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why you can get sick from the flu year after year?

Flu virus mutates, creating new antigens that old memory cells do not recognize. Signup and view all the answers

During the primary immune response, how long does it typically take for antibody production to peak?

10-12 days Signup and view all the answers

What function do macrophages serve in the lymphatic system?

Engulf and destroy pathogens and present antigens to T cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of secondary immune responses compared to primary ones?

They occur much faster with a greater antibody response. Signup and view all the answers

How does breast milk contribute to a child's immunity?

It contains antibodies and immune cells that transfer immunity from the mother. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of lymphatic vessels?

Collect excess interstitial fluid and transport lymph. Signup and view all the answers

In which organ do T lymphocytes mature?

Thymus gland Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the structure of lymphatic capillaries from blood capillaries?

They have larger inter-cellular gaps and blind ends. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 9: Immunity

This chapter covers the topic of immunity.
Various pathogens are mentioned, including viruses (flu, common cold, chicken pox, HIV/AIDS, COVID-19), bacteria (tuberculosis, salmonella, cholera, urinary tract infections, gonorrhea), protists (malaria, amoebic dysentery), fungi (athlete's foot, yeast infection), and animals (intestinal fluke, whipworm).
Physical and chemical barriers act as the first line of defense, preventing pathogens from entering the body. Examples of these include skin (epidermis), tears, saliva, mucus (containing lysozymes), earwax, digestive acids, vaginal acids, urine, vomiting, and defecation/diarrhea.
Innate immunity (second line of defense) is a nonspecific defense mechanism that attacks pathogens that enter the body without recognizing specific pathogens.
Adaptive immunity (third line of defense) is a specific immune response that recognizes specific pathogens the body has encountered before.

Innate Immunity: Types of White Blood Cells

Neutrophils (2/3 of WBC's): These are attracted to infected/damaged tissue, leave capillaries, engulf (phagocytize) bacteria, and digest them with lysosomes. Dead neutrophils form pus.
Macrophages: Develop from monocytes, leave capillaries, engulf bacteria, dead cells, and dead neutrophils; release cytokine chemicals (pyrogens) causing fever. Also function as antigen-presenting cells.
Eosinophils: Attack large parasites (like worms) by surrounding them and releasing digestive enzymes.
Natural Killer Cells: Recognize and kill infected (viruses) or cancerous cells.
Complement Proteins: Present in blood and tissue fluids. Activated complement proteins attach to pathogens, attract neutrophils and macrophages to destroy them, and help them engulf pathogens. They "punch holes" in bacterial membranes, causing water influx and cell rupture (osmosis).
Inflammatory Response: Mast cells and basophils in connective tissue release histamine, causing inflammation. Signs include redness, warmth, swelling (edema), and pain. Histamine dilates arterioles, increasing blood flow to the site and bringing in immune cells. Increased permeability of capillaries allows nutrients and immune cells to reach affected tissue
Fever: Raising body temperature (up to 39°C) can be useful as it creates an unfavorable environment for bacteria and increases activity of white blood cells and tissue repair. High sustained fevers can be dangerous, impacting proteins.

Adaptive Immunity: Lymphocytes

B Lymphocytes: Produce antibodies that bind to foreign antigens (surface proteins of viruses, bacteria, etc.) Millions of different types.
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes: Kill foreign cells, virus-infected cells, and cancerous cells.
Helper T Lymphocytes: Coordinate the immune response by causing the cell division of cytotoxic T cells and B lymphocytes. They are vitally important, since HIV infects helper T cells.

Adaptive Immunity: Key Features

Targets specific antigens (proteins).
High diversity of B and T lymphocytes. B and T cells recognize specific antigens that enter the body.
Produces memory B and T cells during initial exposure to an antigen. These cells remain in the body to mount a quick, potent secondary response upon re-exposure.

Adaptive Immunity: B Cells and Antibodies

Each B lymphocyte produces one unique antibody.
Antibodies bind to specific antigens. If an antibody encounters a matching antigen, the B cell rapidly multiplies, creating effector B cells and memory cells, both producing the same antibody.
Effector B cells secrete antibodies into lymph and blood to bind to pathogens with identical antigens.
Memory B cells remain in the body for future, faster response.

Adaptive Immunity: T Cells

Each helper T lymphocyte and cytotoxic T lymphocyte produce one unique protein receptor.
Various types, each targeting a specific antigen.

Adaptive Immunity: Cytotoxic T Cells

Macrophages engulf pathogens and present antigens to T cells (helper T and cytotoxic T).
If a cytotoxic T cell's receptor matches a presented antigen, it divides, producing copies of itself.
Some copies become effector cytotoxic T cells that kill cells with that antigen. Others become memory cells for future attacks.

Adaptive Immunity: Helper T Cells

Helper T cells stimulate other immune cells (macrophages, cytotoxic T cells, and B lymphocytes)
Critical for initiating the rapid division of effector B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
Without helper T cells, immune response is significantly hampered.
Memory cytotoxic T and helper T cells remain, enabling a faster response to future attacks by similar pathogens.

1st Exposure to a Pathogen

Significant lag time (3-6 days) between pathogen entry and antibody production.
Individual will typically experience sickness during the initial response.
Antibody concentration peak at 10-12 days.
Formation of memory B and T cells.

2nd Exposure to a Pathogen

Much quicker (hours) lag time and overwhelming response.
High antibody response rate. Infection is often prevented from causing sickness.

Comparing Primary and Secondary Responses

Secondary response (re-exposure) is much faster and produces greater antibody production than the primary response.

Flu/Cold Recurrence

Flu virus mutations lead to new antigens, rendering pre-existing memory cells ineffective.
Common colds are caused by numerous viruses. Consequently, exposure to one virus doesn't confer immunity to others.

Lymphatic System

Picks up bacteria and pathogens, transporting them to lymph nodes.
Lymph nodes contain macrophages and lymphocytes, producing effector B cells, cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T and B cells.
Lymph vessels and nodes connect with the blood system. These systems thus facilitate antibody and cell dispersal.
Lymphatic system structure involves blind-ended capillaries with larger intercellular gaps for bacterial uptake, one-way valves, and lymph, containing plasma fluid, WBC's, fats etc.

Early Childhood Immunity/Breastfeeding

Antibodies pass across the placenta.
Antibodies, phagocytes, and lymphocytes are present in breast milk, providing initial immunity to the child
Breast milk provides necessary nutrients that babies need in their first weeks

Active Immunization (Vaccination)

Exposure to weakened pathogens triggers memory B and T cell formation, enabling immunity without the illness.
Vaccines can eradicate diseases or reduce incidence rates.
mRNA vaccines produce the antigen; the body creates memory cells for future exposure.
Vaccines against virus mutations are continuously required.

Passive Immunization

Injecting pre-made antibodies to fight existing infections.
Short-term immunity for the recipient due to lack of memory cell production.

Antibiotics

Effective only against bacteria, not viruses.
Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern.

Donating Organs/Tissue Rejection

Transplanted organs have foreign antigens that elicit an immune response.
Matching blood types or antigens and immunosuppressive drugs can reduce rejection.
Effective techniques, combined with increased donor supply, are necessary for transplantation success.

Allergies

Harmless substances trigger an immune response, causing histamine release, inflammation, redness, swelling, pain, and mucus production.
Allergies can be localized or cause anaphylactic shock, a potentially fatal, full-body response.

Autoimmune Diseases

Defective "self" recognition leads to the immune system attacking the body's own cells.
Examples include multiple sclerosis (impacting central nervous system (CNS)); type 1 diabetes (affecting pancreas insulin production); and rheumatoid arthritis (affecting synovial joints).

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Description

Test your knowledge on the immune system and its functions with this quiz focused on Chapter 5 of immunology. Explore topics such as the roles of various immune cells, the importance of physical barriers, and the intricacies of pathogen recognition. Challenge yourself and see how much you know about innate and adaptive immunity.