Questions and Answers
The immune response is a short-term response to a specific pathogen.
True
The immune response is an innate response rather than acquired.
False
Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen?
What type of immunity is produced when an immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are antibodies produced?
Signup and view all the answers
Which immunoglobulin is present in blood, saliva, breast milk, and respiratory secretions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antibody is found in the blood to indicate a typical primary immune response?
Signup and view all the answers
If a person had very low levels of Ig__, he or she may be more susceptible to infections of mucous membranes.
Signup and view all the answers
When a person is exposed to most antigens, how long does it take before an antibody can be detected in the circulation?
Signup and view all the answers
How do antibodies protect the host from bacterial toxins?
Signup and view all the answers
Which T cell controls or limits the immune response to protect the host's own tissues against an autoimmune response?
Signup and view all the answers
At birth, samples of blood from the umbilical cord indicate which immunoglobulin levels, if any, are near adult levels?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the first line of defense in the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the second line of defense in the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the adaptive defense system also known as?
Signup and view all the answers
What are small proteins secreted by virus-infected cells called?
Signup and view all the answers
What major innate mechanism mediates the destruction of foreign substances in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cells stimulate the proliferation of other lymphocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cells decrease the activity of both T cells and B cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What cells present antigens to activate T cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main antibody of both primary and secondary immune responses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antibody protects mucosal barriers?
Signup and view all the answers
Which antibody is involved in allergies?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the antibody that, along with IgM, serves as a B cell receptor?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a type of T cell?
Signup and view all the answers
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?
Signup and view all the answers
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by:
Signup and view all the answers
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?
Signup and view all the answers
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called:
Signup and view all the answers
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called:
Signup and view all the answers
The only T cells that can directly attach and kill other cells are the:
Signup and view all the answers
Select the correct statement about phagocytic cells.
Signup and view all the answers
_______ predominate at the sites of chronic infection.
Signup and view all the answers
Interferons:
Signup and view all the answers
Select the correct statement about regulatory T cells.
Signup and view all the answers
Select the correct definition about tissue grafts.
Signup and view all the answers
The only immunoglobulin to exist as a pentamer is:
Signup and view all the answers
_______ are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells.
Signup and view all the answers
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by:
Signup and view all the answers
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before the activation of adaptive immunity by:
Signup and view all the answers
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
Innate immune system defenses include:
Signup and view all the answers
Select the correct statement about inflammation.
Signup and view all the answers
Phagocyte mobilization involves:
Signup and view all the answers
Fever:
Signup and view all the answers
Immunocompetence:
Signup and view all the answers
Select the correct statement about the prevention of an immune attack on 'self.'
Signup and view all the answers
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.
Signup and view all the answers
Cytotoxic T cells:
Signup and view all the answers
Helper T cells:
Signup and view all the answers
Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency.
Signup and view all the answers
Natural killer (NK) cells:
Signup and view all the answers
Clonal selection of B cells:
Signup and view all the answers
The primary immune response:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Select the correct statement about complement.
Signup and view all the answers
Which secretion provides antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids and lactic acid?
Signup and view all the answers
What process causes edema during the inflammatory process?
Signup and view all the answers
What process causes heat and redness during the inflammatory process?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an outcome of the complement cascade?
Signup and view all the answers
Which chemical mediators induce pain during an inflammatory response?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does chemotactic factor have on the inflammatory process?
Signup and view all the answers
When looking at white blood cell differentials, which leukocyte indicates early, acute inflammatory reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
The predominant phagocytic cells in later stages of an inflammatory response are:
Signup and view all the answers
Which cells are responsible for presenting the antigen to immune cells during clonal selection?
Signup and view all the answers
Both B and T cells are originally derived from cells of the:
Signup and view all the answers
The immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta confers _____ immunity to the fetus.
Signup and view all the answers
A 16-year-old male bitten by a rabid dog is given _____ to prevent infection.
Signup and view all the answers
The most abundant class of antibody in the blood is:
Signup and view all the answers
The predominant antibody of a typical primary immune response is:
Signup and view all the answers
The primary role of secretory IgA is to prevent infections in:
Signup and view all the answers
Histocompatibility antigens help the immune system:
Signup and view all the answers
A 20-year-old female diagnosed with AIDS would reveal diminished levels of:
Signup and view all the answers
After exposure to a specific antigen, B cells differentiate into:
Signup and view all the answers
What are primary characteristics that differentiate the immune response?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Immune System Overview
- The immune system has two main defensive lines: non-specific (first line) and specific (adaptive immune response).
- First Line of Defense: Skin and mucous membranes act as barriers to pathogens.
- Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory response promotes the production of white blood cells to combat tissue damage.
Key Proteins and Cells
- Interferons: Small proteins secreted by virus-infected cells to inhibit viral replication in neighboring cells.
- Complement System: Major innate mechanism that aids in the destruction of foreign substances.
- Helper T Cells: Stimulate the proliferation of other lymphocytes and enhance immune response.
- Regulatory T Cells: Decrease the activity of T cells and B cells, preventing overactive immune responses.
Antigens and Antibodies
- APCs (Antigen-Presenting Cells): Present antigens to activate T cells.
- Immunoglobulin G (IgG): Main antibody in both primary and secondary immune responses.
- Immunoglobulin A (IgA): Protects mucosal surfaces by preventing pathogen entry.
- Immunoglobulin E (IgE): Involved in allergic reactions.
- Immunoglobulin D (IgD): Functions as a B cell receptor, alongside IgM.
- Immunoglobulin M (IgM): Activates complement and is the first antibody produced during an immune response.
Immunity Concepts
- Passive Immunity: Primarily involves the transfer of antibodies (e.g., IgG from mother to fetus).
- T Cells: Include cytotoxic, helper, and regulatory types, critical for adaptive immunity.
- B Cells: Develop immunocompetence in the bone marrow; differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies upon activation.
Inflammation and Immune Response
- Inflammatory Response: Involves vasodilation, increased permeability, and attracts phagocytes to the injury site.
- Chemotaxis: Process where leukocytes are directed to inflammation sites.
- Fever: Regulated by pyrogens, indicates an immune response and helps inhibit bacterial replication.
Immune Deficiencies and Disorders
- AIDS: Characterized by lower levels of helper T cells, leading to reduced immune response.
- Clonal Selection: B cells undergo clonal selection upon encountering specific antigens, resulting in the creation of plasma cells.
Additional Key Points
- Opsonization: The process where antibodies and complement proteins coat pathogens for enhancement of phagocytosis.
- Autoimmunity: Results from producing antibodies against one's own tissues, as seen in diseases like multiple sclerosis and lupus.
- Histocompatibility Antigens: Help differentiate self from non-self, crucial in immune responses and organ transplants.
- Active vs. Passive Immunity: Active immunity develops after exposure to antigens, while passive immunity involves the transfer of antibodies.
Antibody Production
- Antibodies are produced in plasma cells, derived from activated B cells.
- IgA is prevalent in mucosal secretions, providing localized immunity.
- IgM indicates a primary immune response, while IgG indicates memory and secondary response capabilities.
Summary of Mechanisms
- Complement Activation: Triggered through classical, alternative, or lectin pathways leading to pathogen lysis.
- Phagocyte Mobilization: Involves diapedesis and margination, facilitating white blood cell movement to sites of injury.
- Antigen Recognition: Mediated by specific receptors on B and T cells, essential for initiating immune responses.
These notes cover essential functions, pathways, and components of the immune system, providing a comprehensive overview for study and understanding.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on the immune system with these flashcards from Chapter 21. This quiz covers key concepts like the first and second lines of defense and the adaptive defense system. Perfect for students studying biology and immunology.