Podcast
Questions and Answers
The immune response is a short-term response to a specific pathogen.
The immune response is a short-term response to a specific pathogen.
True (A)
The immune response is an innate response rather than acquired.
The immune response is an innate response rather than acquired.
False (B)
Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen?
Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen?
- Passive acquired immunity
- Active acquired immunity (correct)
- Passive innate immunity
- Active innate immunity
What type of immunity is produced when an immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?
What type of immunity is produced when an immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?
Where are antibodies produced?
Where are antibodies produced?
Which immunoglobulin is present in blood, saliva, breast milk, and respiratory secretions?
Which immunoglobulin is present in blood, saliva, breast milk, and respiratory secretions?
Which antibody is found in the blood to indicate a typical primary immune response?
Which antibody is found in the blood to indicate a typical primary immune response?
If a person had very low levels of Ig__, he or she may be more susceptible to infections of mucous membranes.
If a person had very low levels of Ig__, he or she may be more susceptible to infections of mucous membranes.
When a person is exposed to most antigens, how long does it take before an antibody can be detected in the circulation?
When a person is exposed to most antigens, how long does it take before an antibody can be detected in the circulation?
How do antibodies protect the host from bacterial toxins?
How do antibodies protect the host from bacterial toxins?
Which T cell controls or limits the immune response to protect the host's own tissues against an autoimmune response?
Which T cell controls or limits the immune response to protect the host's own tissues against an autoimmune response?
At birth, samples of blood from the umbilical cord indicate which immunoglobulin levels, if any, are near adult levels?
At birth, samples of blood from the umbilical cord indicate which immunoglobulin levels, if any, are near adult levels?
What is the first line of defense in the immune system?
What is the first line of defense in the immune system?
What is the second line of defense in the immune system?
What is the second line of defense in the immune system?
What is the adaptive defense system also known as?
What is the adaptive defense system also known as?
What are small proteins secreted by virus-infected cells called?
What are small proteins secreted by virus-infected cells called?
What major innate mechanism mediates the destruction of foreign substances in the body?
What major innate mechanism mediates the destruction of foreign substances in the body?
Which cells stimulate the proliferation of other lymphocytes?
Which cells stimulate the proliferation of other lymphocytes?
Which cells decrease the activity of both T cells and B cells?
Which cells decrease the activity of both T cells and B cells?
What cells present antigens to activate T cells?
What cells present antigens to activate T cells?
What is the main antibody of both primary and secondary immune responses?
What is the main antibody of both primary and secondary immune responses?
Which antibody protects mucosal barriers?
Which antibody protects mucosal barriers?
Which antibody is involved in allergies?
Which antibody is involved in allergies?
What is the antibody that, along with IgM, serves as a B cell receptor?
What is the antibody that, along with IgM, serves as a B cell receptor?
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
Which of the following is a type of T cell?
Which of the following is a type of T cell?
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the:
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the:
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by:
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by:
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called:
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called:
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called:
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called:
The only T cells that can directly attach and kill other cells are the:
The only T cells that can directly attach and kill other cells are the:
Select the correct statement about phagocytic cells.
Select the correct statement about phagocytic cells.
_______ predominate at the sites of chronic infection.
_______ predominate at the sites of chronic infection.
Interferons:
Interferons:
Select the correct statement about regulatory T cells.
Select the correct statement about regulatory T cells.
Select the correct definition about tissue grafts.
Select the correct definition about tissue grafts.
The only immunoglobulin to exist as a pentamer is:
The only immunoglobulin to exist as a pentamer is:
_______ are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells.
_______ are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells.
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by:
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by:
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before the activation of adaptive immunity by:
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before the activation of adaptive immunity by:
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed:
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed:
Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system?
Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system?
Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?
Innate immune system defenses include:
Innate immune system defenses include:
Select the correct statement about inflammation.
Select the correct statement about inflammation.
Phagocyte mobilization involves:
Phagocyte mobilization involves:
Fever:
Fever:
Immunocompetence:
Immunocompetence:
Select the correct statement about the prevention of an immune attack on 'self.'
Select the correct statement about the prevention of an immune attack on 'self.'
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.
Cytotoxic T cells:
Cytotoxic T cells:
Helper T cells:
Helper T cells:
Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency.
Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency.
Natural killer (NK) cells:
Natural killer (NK) cells:
Clonal selection of B cells:
Clonal selection of B cells:
The primary immune response:
The primary immune response:
Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?
Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?
Select the correct statement about complement.
Select the correct statement about complement.
Which secretion provides antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids and lactic acid?
Which secretion provides antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids and lactic acid?
What process causes edema during the inflammatory process?
What process causes edema during the inflammatory process?
What process causes heat and redness during the inflammatory process?
What process causes heat and redness during the inflammatory process?
What is a vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells?
What is a vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells?
What is an outcome of the complement cascade?
What is an outcome of the complement cascade?
Which chemical mediators induce pain during an inflammatory response?
Which chemical mediators induce pain during an inflammatory response?
What effect does chemotactic factor have on the inflammatory process?
What effect does chemotactic factor have on the inflammatory process?
When looking at white blood cell differentials, which leukocyte indicates early, acute inflammatory reactions?
When looking at white blood cell differentials, which leukocyte indicates early, acute inflammatory reactions?
The predominant phagocytic cells in later stages of an inflammatory response are:
The predominant phagocytic cells in later stages of an inflammatory response are:
Which cells are responsible for presenting the antigen to immune cells during clonal selection?
Which cells are responsible for presenting the antigen to immune cells during clonal selection?
Both B and T cells are originally derived from cells of the:
Both B and T cells are originally derived from cells of the:
The immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta confers _____ immunity to the fetus.
The immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta confers _____ immunity to the fetus.
A 16-year-old male bitten by a rabid dog is given _____ to prevent infection.
A 16-year-old male bitten by a rabid dog is given _____ to prevent infection.
The most abundant class of antibody in the blood is:
The most abundant class of antibody in the blood is:
The predominant antibody of a typical primary immune response is:
The predominant antibody of a typical primary immune response is:
The primary role of secretory IgA is to prevent infections in:
The primary role of secretory IgA is to prevent infections in:
Histocompatibility antigens help the immune system:
Histocompatibility antigens help the immune system:
A 20-year-old female diagnosed with AIDS would reveal diminished levels of:
A 20-year-old female diagnosed with AIDS would reveal diminished levels of:
After exposure to a specific antigen, B cells differentiate into:
After exposure to a specific antigen, B cells differentiate into:
What are primary characteristics that differentiate the immune response?
What are primary characteristics that differentiate the immune response?
Study Notes
Immune System Overview
- The immune system has two main defensive lines: non-specific (first line) and specific (adaptive immune response).
- First Line of Defense: Skin and mucous membranes act as barriers to pathogens.
- Second Line of Defense: Inflammatory response promotes the production of white blood cells to combat tissue damage.
Key Proteins and Cells
- Interferons: Small proteins secreted by virus-infected cells to inhibit viral replication in neighboring cells.
- Complement System: Major innate mechanism that aids in the destruction of foreign substances.
- Helper T Cells: Stimulate the proliferation of other lymphocytes and enhance immune response.
- Regulatory T Cells: Decrease the activity of T cells and B cells, preventing overactive immune responses.
Antigens and Antibodies
- APCs (Antigen-Presenting Cells): Present antigens to activate T cells.
- Immunoglobulin G (IgG): Main antibody in both primary and secondary immune responses.
- Immunoglobulin A (IgA): Protects mucosal surfaces by preventing pathogen entry.
- Immunoglobulin E (IgE): Involved in allergic reactions.
- Immunoglobulin D (IgD): Functions as a B cell receptor, alongside IgM.
- Immunoglobulin M (IgM): Activates complement and is the first antibody produced during an immune response.
Immunity Concepts
- Passive Immunity: Primarily involves the transfer of antibodies (e.g., IgG from mother to fetus).
- T Cells: Include cytotoxic, helper, and regulatory types, critical for adaptive immunity.
- B Cells: Develop immunocompetence in the bone marrow; differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies upon activation.
Inflammation and Immune Response
- Inflammatory Response: Involves vasodilation, increased permeability, and attracts phagocytes to the injury site.
- Chemotaxis: Process where leukocytes are directed to inflammation sites.
- Fever: Regulated by pyrogens, indicates an immune response and helps inhibit bacterial replication.
Immune Deficiencies and Disorders
- AIDS: Characterized by lower levels of helper T cells, leading to reduced immune response.
- Clonal Selection: B cells undergo clonal selection upon encountering specific antigens, resulting in the creation of plasma cells.
Additional Key Points
- Opsonization: The process where antibodies and complement proteins coat pathogens for enhancement of phagocytosis.
- Autoimmunity: Results from producing antibodies against one's own tissues, as seen in diseases like multiple sclerosis and lupus.
- Histocompatibility Antigens: Help differentiate self from non-self, crucial in immune responses and organ transplants.
- Active vs. Passive Immunity: Active immunity develops after exposure to antigens, while passive immunity involves the transfer of antibodies.
Antibody Production
- Antibodies are produced in plasma cells, derived from activated B cells.
- IgA is prevalent in mucosal secretions, providing localized immunity.
- IgM indicates a primary immune response, while IgG indicates memory and secondary response capabilities.
Summary of Mechanisms
- Complement Activation: Triggered through classical, alternative, or lectin pathways leading to pathogen lysis.
- Phagocyte Mobilization: Involves diapedesis and margination, facilitating white blood cell movement to sites of injury.
- Antigen Recognition: Mediated by specific receptors on B and T cells, essential for initiating immune responses.
These notes cover essential functions, pathways, and components of the immune system, providing a comprehensive overview for study and understanding.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on the immune system with these flashcards from Chapter 21. This quiz covers key concepts like the first and second lines of defense and the adaptive defense system. Perfect for students studying biology and immunology.
