Questions and Answers
Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?
Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system?
What cells make antibodies?
What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?
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What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?
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If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?
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Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?
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What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response?
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What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell?
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The student who caught the cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus was exposed to the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune system will protect her from getting the same cold again?
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Correctly order the steps involved in cellular immunity:
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Which of the following is NOT a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells?
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Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur:
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Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another?
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Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production?
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A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigen despite the low helper T cell count?
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Which of the following statements is true?
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Which of the following are antigen-presenting cells (APC)?
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Which of the following cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?
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Which cells secrete histamines that trigger inflammatory pathways?
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Which of the following is an effect of complement activation?
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Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types?
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Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens?
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Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)?
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Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them?
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Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?
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Which of the following activate CD8 cells?
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What type of T cell can directly attack and kill other cells, such as virus-infected cells?
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Which of these mechanisms do cytotoxic T (Tc) cells use to destroy a target - that is, deliver a lethal hit?
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Which type of T cell will recognize antigens associated with an organ transplant?
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T cells achieve self-tolerance in the __________.
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Which of the following are NOT appropriately matched?
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Activated CD8 cells become __________.
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Study Notes
Immune System Overview
- The immune system is comprised of two primary defense systems: innate defenses and adaptive defenses.
- Innate defenses include external barriers like skin, tears, and mucus membranes, while adaptive defenses involve specialized cells and antibodies.
Innate External Defenses
- Components include tears, mucus membranes, and skin that act as the first line of defense against pathogens.
Innate Internal Defenses
- Phagocytic cells like macrophages identify pathogens through unique markers enabling internal defense mechanisms.
Antibody Production
- Plasma B cells are responsible for producing antibodies in response to specific antigens, playing a crucial role in humoral immunity.
Antigen Recognition
- Lymphocytes recognize and bind to a specific area known as an antigenic determinant (epitope) on antigens.
Immunity Types
- Humoral immunity, involving antibodies, can be transferred between individuals through bodily fluids.
- Cell-mediated immunity is activated in response to intracellular pathogens, such as viruses.
Cytotoxic T Cells
- These cells attack cancer cells and infected host cells as part of the immune response.
Role of Helper T Cells
- Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, enhancing the immune response against infections.
Clonal Expansion of B Cells
- Activated B cells undergo clonal expansion, producing memory B cells and plasma cells that secrete antibodies.
Memory Cells
- Memory B cells store information about specific pathogens, facilitating swift immune responses upon re-exposure to the same virus.
Steps in Cellular Immunity
- Key steps include recognizing infected host cells, activation of helper T cells, and eventual destruction of the infected cells by cytotoxic T cells.
Phagocytosis Process
- Dendritic cells engulf pathogens, digest them, and present epitopes on MHC-II for T cell recognition.
Relationships Between Immune Molecules
- CD4 glycoprotein is associated with helper T cells interacting with MHC-II; CD8 glycoprotein binds to MHC-I on infected cells.
Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
- B cells and dendritic cells function as APCs, presenting antigens to helper T cells for immune activation.
MHC Class Proteins
- Class II MHC proteins present exogenous antigens and are primarily found on antigen-presenting cells.
- Class I MHC proteins present endogenous antigens and are recognized by CD8 T cells.
Histamine and Inflammation
- Mast cells secrete histamines, triggering inflammatory responses essential for the immune system's reaction to pathogens.
Complement Activation
- Complement system aids in opsonization, enhancing phagocytosis, and promoting inflammatory responses.
T Cell Activation and Types
- CD8 T cells become cytotoxic, while helper T cells orchestrate the immune response without directly killing infected cells.
Self-Tolerance
- T cells achieve self-tolerance in the thymus, a critical step to prevent autoimmune responses.
Organ Transplants and Immune Response
- Cytotoxic T cells can recognize and attack transplanted organs if they perceive them as foreign, leading to rejection.
Summary of Immune Response Dynamics
- The immune response involves complex interactions among various cell types, with helper T cells playing a central role in coordinating both humoral and cell-mediated immunity against pathogens.
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Test your knowledge of the immune system with these flashcards covering innate and adaptive defenses. Understand key concepts such as the roles of tears, mucus membranes, and phagocytes in the body's defense mechanisms. Perfect for students mastering Anatomy and Physiology concepts.