Mastering A&P Chapter 21 Immune System Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Tears and mucus membranes would be a part of which defense system?

  • Innate internal defenses
  • Adaptive defenses
  • Innate external defenses (correct)

    • Phagocytotic cells such as macrophages identify a variety of enemies by recognizing markers unique to pathogens. They would be classified as which type of defense system?

  • Innate internal defenses (correct)
  • Innate external defenses
  • Adaptive defenses

    • What cells make antibodies?

  • Plasma B cells (correct)
  • Memory T cells
  • Memory B cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells

    • What is the name of the unique area (specific region) that a lymphocyte recognizes and binds to?

    <p>An antigenic determinant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity can be transferred by bodily fluids from one person to another, thus conferring immunity to the recipient?

    <p>Humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a virus attacks a cell, which type of immunity would be activated?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cancer cells would be attacked by which of the following cells?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response?

    <p>Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell?

    <p>An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The student who caught the cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus was exposed to the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune system will protect her from getting the same cold again?

    <p>Memory B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Correctly order the steps involved in cellular immunity:

    <p>1 = The Tc recognizes the infected host cell 2 = The Tc interacts with epitope presented by MHC-I on the dendritic cell 3 = The Tc secretes perforin and granzyme, causing apoptosis 4 = The helper T cell activates the Tc cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells?

    <p>Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur:

    <p>1 = Endosome fuses with lysozome 2 = Dendritic cell engulfs Rhinovirus 3 = Epitopes are attached to MHC-II 4 = Digestion of the Rhinovirus 5 = MHC-II plus the attached epitope move to the outside of the dendritic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another?

    <p>BCR and TCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production?

    <p>Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigen despite the low helper T cell count?

    <p>Clonal selection of B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true?

    <p>Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are antigen-presenting cells (APC)?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells secrete histamines that trigger inflammatory pathways?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effect of complement activation?

    <p>Opsonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types?

    <p>Antigen-presenting cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens?

    <p>Class II MHC proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)?

    <p>CD8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them?

    <p>All nucleated cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>CD8 cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following activate CD8 cells?

    <p>Antigen fragments on class I MHC proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of T cell can directly attack and kill other cells, such as virus-infected cells?

    <p>Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these mechanisms do cytotoxic T (Tc) cells use to destroy a target - that is, deliver a lethal hit?

    <p>Perforation of the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of T cell will recognize antigens associated with an organ transplant?

    <p>Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T cells achieve self-tolerance in the __________.

    <p>thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are NOT appropriately matched?

    <p>Helper T cells: destroy infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activated CD8 cells become __________.

    <p>cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immune System Overview

    • The immune system is comprised of two primary defense systems: innate defenses and adaptive defenses.
    • Innate defenses include external barriers like skin, tears, and mucus membranes, while adaptive defenses involve specialized cells and antibodies.

    Innate External Defenses

    • Components include tears, mucus membranes, and skin that act as the first line of defense against pathogens.

    Innate Internal Defenses

    • Phagocytic cells like macrophages identify pathogens through unique markers enabling internal defense mechanisms.

    Antibody Production

    • Plasma B cells are responsible for producing antibodies in response to specific antigens, playing a crucial role in humoral immunity.

    Antigen Recognition

    • Lymphocytes recognize and bind to a specific area known as an antigenic determinant (epitope) on antigens.

    Immunity Types

    • Humoral immunity, involving antibodies, can be transferred between individuals through bodily fluids.
    • Cell-mediated immunity is activated in response to intracellular pathogens, such as viruses.

    Cytotoxic T Cells

    • These cells attack cancer cells and infected host cells as part of the immune response.

    Role of Helper T Cells

    • Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, enhancing the immune response against infections.

    Clonal Expansion of B Cells

    • Activated B cells undergo clonal expansion, producing memory B cells and plasma cells that secrete antibodies.

    Memory Cells

    • Memory B cells store information about specific pathogens, facilitating swift immune responses upon re-exposure to the same virus.

    Steps in Cellular Immunity

    • Key steps include recognizing infected host cells, activation of helper T cells, and eventual destruction of the infected cells by cytotoxic T cells.

    Phagocytosis Process

    • Dendritic cells engulf pathogens, digest them, and present epitopes on MHC-II for T cell recognition.

    Relationships Between Immune Molecules

    • CD4 glycoprotein is associated with helper T cells interacting with MHC-II; CD8 glycoprotein binds to MHC-I on infected cells.

    Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

    • B cells and dendritic cells function as APCs, presenting antigens to helper T cells for immune activation.

    MHC Class Proteins

    • Class II MHC proteins present exogenous antigens and are primarily found on antigen-presenting cells.
    • Class I MHC proteins present endogenous antigens and are recognized by CD8 T cells.

    Histamine and Inflammation

    • Mast cells secrete histamines, triggering inflammatory responses essential for the immune system's reaction to pathogens.

    Complement Activation

    • Complement system aids in opsonization, enhancing phagocytosis, and promoting inflammatory responses.

    T Cell Activation and Types

    • CD8 T cells become cytotoxic, while helper T cells orchestrate the immune response without directly killing infected cells.

    Self-Tolerance

    • T cells achieve self-tolerance in the thymus, a critical step to prevent autoimmune responses.

    Organ Transplants and Immune Response

    • Cytotoxic T cells can recognize and attack transplanted organs if they perceive them as foreign, leading to rejection.

    Summary of Immune Response Dynamics

    • The immune response involves complex interactions among various cell types, with helper T cells playing a central role in coordinating both humoral and cell-mediated immunity against pathogens.

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    Test your knowledge of the immune system with these flashcards covering innate and adaptive defenses. Understand key concepts such as the roles of tears, mucus membranes, and phagocytes in the body's defense mechanisms. Perfect for students mastering Anatomy and Physiology concepts.

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